This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Raoult, D.
Right arrow Articles by Roux, V.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Raoult, D.
Right arrow Articles by Roux, V.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 10 1997, 694-719, Vol 10, No. 4
Copyright © 1997 by the American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Rickettsioses as paradigms of new or emerging infectious diseases

D Raoult and V Roux
Unite des Rickettsies, Faculte de Medecine, CNRS UPRESA 6020, Marseille, France. raoult@medecine.univ-mrs.fr

Rickettsioses are caused by species of Rickettsia, a genus comprising organisms characterized by their strictly intracellular location and their association with arthropods. Rickettsia species are difficult to cultivate in vitro and exhibit strong serological cross-reactions with each other. These technical difficulties long prohibited a detailed study of the rickettsiae, and it is only following the recent introduction of novel laboratory methods that progress in this field has been possible. In this review, we discuss the impact that these practical innovations have had on the study of rickettsiae. Prior to 1986, only eight rickettsioses were clinically recognized; however, in the last 10 years, an additional six have been discovered. We describe the different steps that resulted in the description of each new rickettsiosis and discuss the influence of factors as diverse as physicians' curiosity and the adoption of molecular biology-based identification in helping to recognize these new infections. We also assess the pathogenic potential of rickettsial strains that to date have been associated only with arthropods, and we discuss diseases of unknown etiology that may be rickettsioses.


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Tikare, N. V., Shahapur, P. R., Bidari, L. H., Mantur, B. G. (2009). Rickettsial meningoencephalitis in a child--A case report. J Trop Pediatr 0: fmp065v1-fmp065 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Phetsouvanh, R., Blacksell, S. D., Jenjaroen, K., Day, N. P. J., Newton, P. N. (2009). Comparison of Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays for Diagnosis of Scrub Typhus and Murine Typhus Using Venous Blood and Finger Prick Filter Paper Blood Spots. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 837-840 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lai, C.-H., Huang, C.-K., Weng, H.-C., Chung, H.-C., Liang, S.-H., Lin, J.-N., Lin, C.-W., Hsu, C.-Y., Lin, H.-H. (2008). Clinical Characteristics of Acute Q Fever, Scrub Typhus, and Murine Typhus with Delayed Defervescence Despite Doxycycline Treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 441-446 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tsai, K.-H., Wang, H.-C., Chen, C.-H., Huang, J.-H., Lu, H.-Y., Su, C.-L., Shu, P.-Y. (2008). Isolation and Identification of a Novel Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia, Strain IG-1, from Ixodes granulatus Ticks Collected on Orchid Island (Lanyu), Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 256-261 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Saito, T. B., Cunha-Filho, N. A., Pacheco, R. C., Ferreira, F., Pappen, F. G., Farias, N. A. R., Larsson, C. E., Labruna, M. B. (2008). Canine Infection by Rickettsiae and Ehrlichiae in Southern Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 102-108 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Unsworth, N., Graves, S., Nguyen, C., Kemp, G., Graham, J., Stenos, J. (2008). Markers of exposure to spotted fever rickettsiae in patients with chronic illness, including fatigue, in two Australian populations. QJM 101: 269-274 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tsui, P.-Y., Tsai, K.-H., Weng, M.-H., Hung, Y.-W., Liu, Y.-T., Hu, K.-Y., Lien, J.-C., Lin, P.-R., Shaio, M.-F., Wang, H.-C., Ji, D.-D. (2007). Molecular Detection and Characterization of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 883-890 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tabuchi, M., Jilintai, , Sakata, Y., Miyazaki, N., Inokuma, H. (2007). Serological Survey of Rickettsia japonica Infection in Dogs and Cats in Japan. CVI 14: 1526-1528 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Blanc, G., Ogata, H., Robert, C., Audic, S., Claverie, J.-M., Raoult, D. (2007). Lateral gene transfer between obligate intracellular bacteria: Evidence from the Rickettsia massiliae genome. Genome Res 17: 1657-1664 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sakamoto, J. M., Azad, A. F. (2007). Propagation of Arthropod-Borne Rickettsia spp. in Two Mosquito Cell Lines. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 6637-6643 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Vitorino, L., Chelo, I. M., Bacellar, F., Ze-Ze, L. (2007). Rickettsiae phylogeny: a multigenic approach. Microbiology 153: 160-168 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jado, I., Escudero, R., Gil, H., Jimenez-Alonso, M. I., Sousa, R., Garcia-Perez, A. L., Rodriguez-Vargas, M., Lobo, B., Anda, P. (2006). Molecular Method for Identification of Rickettsia Species in Clinical and Environmental Samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 4572-4576 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Abergel, C., Blanc, G., Monchois, V., Renesto, P., Sigoillot, C., Ogata, H., Raoult, D., Claverie, J.-M. (2006). Impact of the Excision of an Ancient Repeat Insertion on Rickettsia conorii Guanylate Kinase Activity. Mol Biol Evol 23: 2112-2122 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Buchau, A. S., Wurthner, J. U., Reifenberger, J., Ruzicka, T. (2006). Fever, episcleritis, epistaxis, and rash after safari holiday in swaziland.. Arch Dermatol 142: 1365-1366 [Full Text]  
  • Perlman, S. J, Hunter, M. S, Zchori-Fein, E. (2006). The emerging diversity of Rickettsia. Proc R Soc B 273: 2097-2106 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zhang, L., Jin, J., Fu, X., Raoult, D., Fournier, P.-E. (2006). Genetic Differentiation of Chinese Isolates of Rickettsia sibirica by Partial ompA Gene Sequencing and Multispacer Typing.. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 2465-2467 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • HOUHAMDI, L., RAOULT, D. (2006). EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED HUMAN BODY LICE (PEDICULUS HUMANUS HUMANUS) AS VECTORS OF RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII AND RICKETTSIA CONORII IN A RABBIT MODEL. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 521-525 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • BITAM, I., PAROLA, P., DE LA CRUZ, K. D., MATSUMOTO, K., BAZIZ, B., ROLAIN, J.-M., BELKAID, M., RAOULT, D. (2006). FIRST MOLECULAR DETECTION OF RICKETTSIA FELIS IN FLEAS FROM ALGERIA. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 532-535 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tzavella, K., Hatzizisis, I. S., Vakali, A., Mandraveli, K., Zioutas, D., Alexiou-Daniel, S. (2006). Severe case of Mediterranean spotted fever in Greece with predominantly neurological features.. J Med Microbiol 55: 341-343 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Giammanco, G. M., Vitale, G., Mansueto, S., Capra, G., Caleca, M. P., Ammatuna, P. (2005). Presence of Rickettsia conorii subsp. israelensis, the Causative Agent of Israeli Spotted Fever, in Sicily, Italy, Ascertained in a Retrospective Study. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 6027-6031 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • STENOS, J., GRAVES, S. R., UNSWORTH, N. B. (2005). A HIGHLY SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF SPOTTED FEVER AND TYPHUS GROUP RICKETTSIAE. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1083-1085 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Parola, P., Paddock, C. D., Raoult, D. (2005). Tick-Borne Rickettsioses around the World: Emerging Diseases Challenging Old Concepts. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18: 719-756 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gouriet, F., Fenollar, F., Patrice, J.-Y., Drancourt, M., Raoult, D. (2005). Use of Shell-Vial Cell Culture Assay for Isolation of Bacteria from Clinical Specimens: 13 Years of Experience. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 4993-5002 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Vitorino, L., de Sousa, R., Bacellar, F., Ze-Ze, L. (2005). Characterization of a tandem repeat polymorphism in Rickettsia strains. J Med Microbiol 54: 833-841 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Demma, L. J., Traeger, M. S., Nicholson, W. L., Paddock, C. D., Blau, D. M., Eremeeva, M. E., Dasch, G. A., Levin, M. L., Singleton, J. Jr., Zaki, S. R., Cheek, J. E., Swerdlow, D. L., McQuiston, J. H. (2005). Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever from an Unexpected Tick Vector in Arizona. NEJM 353: 587-594 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Raoult, D., Paddock, C. D. (2005). Rickettsia parkeri Infection and Other Spotted Fevers in the United States. NEJM 353: 626-627 [Full Text]  
  • Choi, Y.-J., Lee, S.-H., Park, K.-H., Koh, Y.-S., Lee, K.-H., Baik, H.-S., Choi, M.-S., Kim, I.-S., Jang, W.-J. (2005). Evaluation of PCR-Based Assay for Diagnosis of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis in Human Serum Samples. CVI 12: 759-763 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Baldridge, G. D., Burkhardt, N., Herron, M. J., Kurtti, T. J., Munderloh, U. G. (2005). Analysis of Fluorescent Protein Expression in Transformants of Rickettsia monacensis, an Obligate Intracellular Tick Symbiont. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 2095-2105 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fournier, P.-E., Zhu, Y., Ogata, H., Raoult, D. (2004). Use of Highly Variable Intergenic Spacer Sequences for Multispacer Typing of Rickettsia conorii Strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 5757-5766 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Planck, A., Eklund, A., Grunewald, J., Vene, S. (2004). No serological evidence of Rickettsia helvetica infection in Scandinavian sarcoidosis patients. Eur Respir J 24: 811-813 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Blair, P. J., Jiang, J., Schoeler, G. B., Moron, C., Anaya, E., Cespedes, M., Cruz, C., Felices, V., Guevara, C., Mendoza, L., Villaseca, P., Sumner, J. W., Richards, A. L., Olson, J. G. (2004). Characterization of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Flea and Tick Specimens from Northern Peru. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 4961-4967 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Feng, H.-M., Whitworth, T., Popov, V., Walker, D. H. (2004). Effect of Antibody on the Rickettsia-Host Cell Interaction. Infect. Immun. 72: 3524-3530 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Birkbeck, T. H., Griffen, A. A., Reid, H. I., Laidler, L. A., Wadsworth, S. (2004). Growth of Piscirickettsia salmonis to High Titers in Insect Tissue Culture Cells. Infect. Immun. 72: 3693-3694 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Beninati, T., Lo, N., Sacchi, L., Genchi, C., Noda, H., Bandi, C. (2004). A Novel Alpha-Proteobacterium Resides in the Mitochondria of Ovarian Cells of the Tick Ixodes ricinus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 2596-2602 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Drevets, D. A., Leenen, P. J. M., Greenfield, R. A. (2004). Invasion of the Central Nervous System by Intracellular Bacteria. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17: 323-347 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lee, J.-H., Park, H.-S., Jang, W.-J., Koh, S.-E., Kim, J.-M., Shim, S.-K., Park, M.-Y., Kim, Y.-W., Kim, B.-J., Kook, Y.-H., Park, K.-H., Lee, S.-H. (2003). Differentiation of Rickettsiae by groEL Gene Analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 2952-2960 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wang, Y.-C., Jian, T.-Y., Tarn, L.-J., Hung, Y.-W., Chao, H.-Y., Ji, D.-D., Liu, H.-W. (2003). Development of a Recombinant Protein-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Its Applications in Field Surveillance of Rodent Mice for Presence of Immunoglobulin G against Orientia tsutsugamushi. CVI 10: 451-458 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • MACALUSO, K. R., DAVIS, J., ALAM, U., KORMAN, A., RUTHERFORD, J. S., ROSENBERG, R., AZAD, A. F. (2003). SPOTTED FEVER GROUP RICKETTSIAE IN TICKS FROM THE MASAI MARA REGION OF KENYA. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68: 551-553 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Parola, P., Cornet, J.-P., Sanogo, Y. O., Miller, R. S., Thien, H. V., Gonzalez, J.-P., Raoult, D., Telford III, S. R., Wongsrichanalai, C. (2003). Detection of Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., and Other Eubacteria in Ticks from the Thai-Myanmar Border and Vietnam. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 1600-1608 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fang, R., Raoult, D. (2003). Antigenic Classification of Rickettsia felis by Using Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies. CVI 10: 221-228 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rolain, J.-M., Stuhl, L., Maurin, M., Raoult, D. (2002). Evaluation of Antibiotic Susceptibilities of Three Rickettsial Species Including Rickettsia felis by a Quantitative PCR DNA Assay. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 2747-2751 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Simser, J. A., Palmer, A. T., Fingerle, V., Wilske, B., Kurtti, T. J., Munderloh, U. G. (2002). Rickettsia monacensis sp. nov., a Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia, from Ticks (Ixodes ricinus) Collected in a European City Park. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 4559-4566 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fang, R., Houhamdi, L., Raoult, D. (2002). Detection of Rickettsia prowazekii in Body Lice and Their Feces by Using Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40: 3358-3363 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rydkina, E., Sahni, A., Silverman, D. J., Sahni, S. K. (2002). Rickettsia rickettsii Infection of Cultured Human Endothelial Cells Induces Heme Oxygenase 1 Expression. Infect. Immun. 70: 4045-4052 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fournier, P.-E., Fujita, H., Takada, N., Raoult, D. (2002). Genetic Identification of Rickettsiae Isolated from Ticks in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40: 2176-2181 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ogata, H., Audic, S., Renesto-Audiffren, P., Fournier, P.-E., Barbe, V., Samson, D., Roux, V., Cossart, P., Weissenbach, J., Claverie, J.-M., Raoult, D. (2001). Mechanisms of Evolution in Rickettsia conorii and R. prowazekii. Science 293: 2093-2098 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Raoult, D., Fournier, P. E., Fenollar, F., Jensenius, M., Prioe, T., de Pina, J. J., Caruso, G., Jones, N., Laferl, H., Rosenblatt, J. E., Marrie, T. J. (2001). Rickettsia africae, a Tick-Borne Pathogen in Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa. NEJM 344: 1504-1510 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Andersson, J. O., Andersson, S. G. E. (2001). Pseudogenes, Junk DNA, and the Dynamics of Rickettsia Genomes. Mol Biol Evol 18: 829-839 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wood, D. O., Azad, A. F. (2000). Genetic Manipulation of Rickettsiae: a Preview. Infect. Immun. 68: 6091-6093 [Full Text]  
  • Ogata, H., Audic, S., Barbe, V., Artiguenave, F., Fournier, P.-E., Raoult, D., Claverie, J.-M. (2000). Selfish DNA in Protein-Coding Genes of Rickettsia. Science 290: 347-350 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zhang, J. Z., Fan, M. Y., Wu, Y. M., Fournier, P. E., Roux, V., Raoult, D. (2000). Genetic Classification of "Rickettsia heilongjiangii" and "Rickettsia hulinii," Two Chinese Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 3498-3501 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • La Scola, B., Rydkina, L., Ndihokubwayo, J.-B., Vene, S., Raoult, D. (2000). Serological Differentiation of Murine Typhus and Epidemic Typhus Using Cross-Adsorption and Western Blotting. CVI 7: 612-616 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Drancourt, M., Raoult, D. (1999). Characterization of Mutations in the rpoB Gene in Naturally Rifampin-Resistant Rickettsia Species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 2400-2403 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fenollar, F., Raoult, D. (1999). Diagnosis of Rickettsial Diseases Using Samples Dried on Blotting Paper. CVI 6: 483-488 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Niebylski, M. L., Peacock, M. G., Schwan, T. G. (1999). Lethal Effect of Rickettsia rickettsii on Its Tick Vector (Dermacentor andersoni). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 773-778 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gouin, E, Gantelet, H, Egile, C, Lasa, I, Ohayon, H, Villiers, V, Gounon, P, Sansonetti, P., Cossart, P (1999). A comparative study of the actin-based motilities of the pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri and Rickettsia conorii. J. Cell Sci. 112: 1697-1708 [Abstract]  
  • Rolain, J. M., Maurin, M., Vestris, G., Raoult, D. (1998). In Vitro Susceptibilities of 27 Rickettsiae to 13 Antimicrobials. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 1537-1541 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Parola, P., Jourdan, J., Raoult, D. (1998). Tick-Borne Infection Caused by Rickettsia africae in the West Indies. NEJM 338: 1391-1392 [Full Text]  
  • Rachek, L. I., Tucker, A. M., Winkler, H. H., Wood, D. O. (1998). Transformation of Rickettsia prowazekii to Rifampin Resistance. J. Bacteriol. 180: 2118-2124 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Xu, W., Raoult, D. (1998). Taxonomic Relationships among Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae as Revealed by Antigenic Analysis with Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 887-896 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»