Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus

doi:10.1128/CMR.13.1.16-34.2000

This Article

	Full Text
	Full Text (PDF)
	Alert me when this article is cited
	Alert me if a correction is posted

Services

	Similar articles in this journal
	Similar articles in PubMed
	Alert me to new issues of the journal
	Download to citation manager
	Copyright Information
	Books from ASM Press
	MicrobeWorld

Citing Articles

	Citing Articles via HighWire
	Citing Articles via Google Scholar

Google Scholar

	Articles by Dinges, M. M.
	Articles by Schlievert, P. M.
	Search for Related Content

PubMed

	PubMed Citation
	Articles by Dinges, M. M.
	Articles by Schlievert, P. M.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, January 2000, p. 16-34, Vol. 13, No. 1
0893-8512/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus

Martin M. Dinges, Paul M. Orwin, and Patrick M. Schlievert^*

Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455

This article reviews the literature regarding the structure and function of two types of exotoxins expressed by Staphylococcusaureus, pyrogenic toxin superantigens (PTSAgs) and hemolysins.The molecular basis of PTSAg toxicity is presented in the contextof two diseases known to be caused by these exotoxins: toxic shocksyndrome and staphylococcal food poisoning. The family of staphylococcalPTSAgs presently includes toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)and most of the staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) (SEA, SEB, SEC,SED, SEE, SEG, and SEH). As the name implies, the PTSAgs are multifunctionalproteins that invariably exhibit lethal activity, pyrogenicity,superantigenicity, and the capacity to induce lethal hypersensitivityto endotoxin. Other properties exhibited by one or more staphylococcalPTSAgs include emetic activity (SEs) and penetration across mucosalbarriers (TSST-1). A detailed review of the molecular mechanismsunderlying the toxicity of the staphylococcal hemolysins is alsopresented.

^* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 420 DelawareSt. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455. Phone: (612) 624-9471. Fax: (612)626-0623. E-mail: pats{at}lenti.med.umn.edu.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, January 2000, p. 16-34, Vol. 13, No. 1
0893-8512/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

This article has been cited by other articles:

Goldsworthy, M. J. H. (2008). Gene expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and MRSA within a catheter-associated urinary tract infection biofilm model. Bioscience Horizons 1: 28-37 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Zhao, X., Lacasse, P. (2008). Mammary tissue damage during bovine mastitis: Causes and control. J ANIM SCI 86: 57-65 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hata, E., Katsuda, K., Kobayashi, H., Nishimori, K., Uchida, I., Higashide, M., Ishikawa, E., Sasaki, T., Eguchi, M. (2008). Bacteriological Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Humans and Bulk Milk. J DAIRY SCI 91: 564-569 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Nagata, M., Kaito, C., Sekimizu, K. (2008). Phosphodiesterase Activity of CvfA Is Required for Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 2176-2184 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Huseby, M., Shi, K., Brown, C. K., Digre, J., Mengistu, F., Seo, K. S., Bohach, G. A., Schlievert, P. M., Ohlendorf, D. H., Earhart, C. A. (2007). Structure and Biological Activities of Beta Toxin from Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 189: 8719-8726 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Brun, V., Dupuis, A., Adrait, A., Marcellin, M., Thomas, D., Court, M., Vandenesch, F., Garin, J. (2007). Isotope-labeled Protein Standards: Toward Absolute Quantitative Proteomics. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 6: 2139-2149 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Schlosser, G., Kacer, P., Kuzma, M., Szilagyi, Z., Sorrentino, A., Manzo, C., Pizzano, R., Malorni, L., Pocsfalvi, G. (2007). Coupling Immunomagnetic Separation on Magnetic Beads with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 6945-6952 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hermann, C. (2007). Review: Variability of host pathogen interaction. Innate Immunity 13: 199-218 [Abstract]
Nakakido, M., Tanaka, Y., Tsumoto, K. (2007). The N-terminal domain of elastin-binding protein of Staphylococcus aureus changes its secondary structure in a membrane-mimetic environment. J Biochem 142: 131-134 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ramu, Y., Xu, Y., Lu, Z. (2007). Inhibition of CFTR Cl- channel function caused by enzymatic hydrolysis of sphingomyelin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 6448-6453 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Matsumoto, Y., Kaito, C., Morishita, D., Kurokawa, K., Sekimizu, K. (2007). Regulation of Exoprotein Gene Expression by the Staphylococcus aureus cvfB Gene. Infect. Immun. 75: 1964-1972 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Tanaka, Y., Morikawa, K., Ohki, Y., Yao, M., Tsumoto, K., Watanabe, N., Ohta, T., Tanaka, I. (2007). Structural and Mutational Analyses of Drp35 from Staphylococcus aureus: A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR ITS LACTONASE ACTIVITY. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 5770-5780 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Oscarsson, J., Kanth, A., Tegmark-Wisell, K., Arvidson, S. (2006). SarA Is a Repressor of hla ({alpha}-Hemolysin) Transcription in Staphylococcus aureus: Its Apparent Role as an Activator of hla in the Prototype Strain NCTC 8325 Depends on Reduced Expression of sarS. J. Bacteriol. 188: 8526-8533 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Renckens, R., Pater, J. M., Poll, T. v. d. (2006). Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-1-Deficient Mice Have an Enhanced IFN-{gamma} Response to Lipopolysaccharide and Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. J. Immunol. 177: 8171-8176 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Rajagopalan, G., Smart, M. K., Patel, R., David, C. S. (2006). Acute Systemic Immune Activation following Conjunctival Exposure to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B.. Infect. Immun. 74: 6016-6019 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Dauwalder, O., Thomas, D., Ferry, T., Debard, A.-L., Badiou, C., Vandenesch, F., Etienne, J., Lina, G., Monneret, G. (2006). Comparative inflammatory properties of staphylococcal superantigenic enterotoxins SEA and SEG: implications for septic shock. J. Leukoc. Biol. 80: 753-758 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bengtson, S. H., Phagoo, S. B., Norrby-Teglund, A., Pahlman, L., Morgelin, M., Zuraw, B. L., Leeb-Lundberg, L. M. F., Herwald, H. (2006). Kinin receptor expression during Staphylococcus aureus infection. Blood 108: 2055-2063 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bubeck Wardenburg, J., Williams, W. A., Missiakas, D. (2006). Host defenses against Staphylococcus aureus infection require recognition of bacterial lipoproteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 13831-13836 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Blaiotta, G., Fusco, V., von Eiff, C., Villani, F., Becker, K. (2006). Biotyping of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus by Enterotoxin Gene Cluster (egc) Polymorphism and spa Typing Analyses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 6117-6123 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Sibbald, M. J. J. B., Ziebandt, A. K., Engelmann, S., Hecker, M., de Jong, A., Harmsen, H. J. M., Raangs, G. C., Stokroos, I., Arends, J. P., Dubois, J. Y. F., van Dijl, J. M. (2006). Mapping the Pathways to Staphylococcal Pathogenesis by Comparative Secretomics. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 70: 755-788 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Fernandez, M. M., Guan, R., Swaminathan, C. P., Malchiodi, E. L., Mariuzza, R. A. (2006). Crystal Structure of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin I (SEI) in Complex with a Human Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecule. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 25356-25364 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Brown, A.L. (2006). Panton-valentine leucocidinproducing Staphylococcus aureus. British Journal of Infection Control 7: 11-15 [Abstract]
Thomas, D. Y., Jarraud, S., Lemercier, B., Cozon, G., Echasserieau, K., Etienne, J., Gougeon, M.-L., Lina, G., Vandenesch, F. (2006). Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-Like Toxins U2 and V, Two New Staphylococcal Superantigens Arising from Recombination within the Enterotoxin Gene Cluster.. Infect. Immun. 74: 4724-4734 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Tollersrud, T., Kampen, A. H., Kenny, K. (2006). Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin D Is Secreted in Milk and Stimulates Specific Antibody Responses in Cows in the Course of Experimental Intramammary Infection.. Infect. Immun. 74: 3507-3512 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Chini, V., Dimitracopoulos, G., Spiliopoulou, I. (2006). Occurrence of the Enterotoxin Gene Cluster and the Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 Gene among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Is Related to Clonal Type and agr Group.. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 1881-1883 [Abstract] [Full Text]
van Belkum, A., Melles, D. C., Snijders, S. V., van Leeuwen, W. B., Wertheim, H. F. L., Nouwen, J. L., Verbrugh, H. A., Etienne, J. (2006). Clonal Distribution and Differential Occurrence of the Enterotoxin Gene Cluster, egc, in Carriage- versus Bacteremia-Associated Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 1555-1557 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Graham, P. L. III, Lin, S. X., Larson, E. L. (2006). A U.S. population-based survey of Staphylococcus aureus colonization.. ANN INTERN MED 144: 318-325 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Rajagopalan, G., Iijima, K., Singh, M., Kita, H., Patel, R., David, C. S. (2006). Intranasal Exposure to Bacterial Superantigens Induces Airway Inflammation in HLA Class II Transgenic Mice. Infect. Immun. 74: 1284-1296 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Naffa, R. G., Bdour, S. M., Migdadi, H. M., Shehabi, A. A. (2006). Enterotoxicity and genetic variation among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Jordan. J Med Microbiol 55: 183-187 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Lindsay, J. A., Moore, C. E., Day, N. P., Peacock, S. J., Witney, A. A., Stabler, R. A., Husain, S. E., Butcher, P. D., Hinds, J. (2006). Microarrays Reveal that Each of the Ten Dominant Lineages of Staphylococcus aureus Has a Unique Combination of Surface-Associated and Regulatory Genes. J. Bacteriol. 188: 669-676 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jorgensen, H. J., Mork, T., Caugant, D. A., Kearns, A., Rorvik, L. M. (2005). Genetic Variation among Staphylococcus aureus Strains from Norwegian Bulk Milk. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 8352-8361 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jorgensen, H. J., Mork, T., Rorvik, L. M. (2005). The Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus on a Farm with Small-Scale Production of Raw Milk Cheese. J DAIRY SCI 88: 3810-3817 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Voyich, J. M., Braughton, K. R., Sturdevant, D. E., Whitney, A. R., Said-Salim, B., Porcella, S. F., Long, R. D., Dorward, D. W., Gardner, D. J., Kreiswirth, B. N., Musser, J. M., DeLeo, F. R. (2005). Insights into Mechanisms Used by Staphylococcus aureus to Avoid Destruction by Human Neutrophils. J. Immunol. 175: 3907-3919 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kollef, M. H., Micek, S. T. (2005). Staphylococcus Aureus Pneumonia: A "Superbug" Infection in Community and Hospital Settings. Chest 128: 1093-1097 [Full Text]
Tseng, C. W., Stewart, G. C. (2005). Rot Repression of Enterotoxin B Expression in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 187: 5301-5309 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Yarovinsky, T. O., Mohning, M. P., Bradford, M. A., Monick, M. M., Hunninghake, G. W. (2005). Increased Sensitivity to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B following Adenoviral Infection. Infect. Immun. 73: 3375-3384 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Que, Y.-A., Haefliger, J.-A., Piroth, L., Francois, P., Widmer, E., Entenza, J. M., Sinha, B., Herrmann, M., Francioli, P., Vaudaux, P., Moreillon, P. (2005). Fibrinogen and fibronectin binding cooperate for valve infection and invasion in Staphylococcus aureus experimental endocarditis. J. Exp. Med. 201: 1627-1635 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Peterson, M. L., Ault, K., Kremer, M. J., Klingelhutz, A. J., Davis, C. C., Squier, C. A., Schlievert, P. M. (2005). The Innate Immune System Is Activated by Stimulation of Vaginal Epithelial Cells with Staphylococcus aureus and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1. Infect. Immun. 73: 2164-2174 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Streker, K., Freiberg, C., Labischinski, H., Hacker, J., Ohlsen, K. (2005). Staphylococcus aureus NfrA (SA0367) Is a Flavin Mononucleotide-Dependent NADPH Oxidase Involved in Oxidative Stress Response. J. Bacteriol. 187: 2249-2256 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Smyth, D. S, Hartigan, P. J, Meaney, W. J, Fitzgerald, J R., Deobald, C. F, Bohach, G. A, Smyth, C. J (2005). Superantigen genes encoded by the egc cluster and SaPIbov are predominant among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows, goats, sheep, rabbits and poultry. J Med Microbiol 54: 401-411 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Fueyo, J. M., Mendoza, M. C., Rodicio, M. R., Muniz, J., Alvarez, M. A., Martin, M. C. (2005). Cytotoxin and Pyrogenic Toxin Superantigen Gene Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows and Relationships with Macrorestriction Genomic Profiles. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 1278-1284 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Burts, M. L., Williams, W. A., DeBord, K., Missiakas, D. M. (2005). EsxA and EsxB are secreted by an ESAT-6-like system that is required for the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus infections. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 1169-1174 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hu, D.-L., Cui, J.-C., Omoe, K., Sashinami, H., Yokomizo, Y., Shinagawa, K., Nakane, A. (2005). A Mutant of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C Devoid of Bacterial Superantigenic Activity Elicits a Th2 Immune Response for Protection against Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Infect. Immun. 73: 174-180 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Futagawa-Saito, K., Sugiyama, T., Karube, S., Sakurai, N., Ba-Thein, W., Fukuyasu, T. (2004). Prevalence and Characterization of Leukotoxin-Producing Staphylococcus intermedius in Isolates from Dogs and Pigeons. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 5324-5326 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Perkins, S. L., Han, D. P., Burke, J. M., Schlievert, P. M., Wirostko, W. J., Tarasewicz, D. G., Skumatz, C. M. B. (2004). Intravitreally Injected Human Immunoglobulin Attenuates the Effects of Staphylococcus aureus Culture Supernatant in a Rabbit Model of Toxin-Mediated Endophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol 122: 1499-1506 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Mphahlele, N. R., Fuller, A., Roth, J., Kamerman, P. R. (2004). Body temperature, behavior, and plasma cortisol changes induced by chronic infusion of Staphylococcus aureus in goats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 287: R863-R869 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Al-Shangiti, A. M., Naylor, C. E., Nair, S. P., Briggs, D. C., Henderson, B., Chain, B. M. (2004). Structural Relationships and Cellular Tropism of Staphylococcal Superantigen-Like Proteins. Infect. Immun. 72: 4261-4270 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Omoe, K., Imanishi, K., Hu, D.-L., Kato, H., Takahashi-Omoe, H., Nakane, A., Uchiyama, T., Shinagawa, K. (2004). Biological Properties of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-Like Toxin Type R. Infect. Immun. 72: 3664-3667 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Schlievert, P. M., Tripp, T. J., Peterson, M. L. (2004). Reemergence of Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, during the 2000-2003 Surveillance Period. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 2875-2876 [Full Text]
Liu, D., Liu, X. Y., Robinson, D., Burnett, C., Jackson, C., Seele, L., Veach, R. A., Downs, S., Collins, R. D., Ballard, D. W., Hawiger, J. (2004). Suppression of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-induced Toxicity by a Nuclear Import Inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 19239-19246 [Abstract] [Full Text]
de Haas, C. J.C., Veldkamp, K. E., Peschel, A., Weerkamp, F., Van Wamel, W. J.B., Heezius, E. C.J.M., Poppelier, M. J.J.G., Van Kessel, K. P.M., van Strijp, J. A.G. (2004). Chemotaxis Inhibitory Protein of Staphylococcus aureus, a Bacterial Antiinflammatory Agent. J. Exp. Med. 199: 687-695 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Sumby, P., Waldor, M. K. (2003). Transcription of the Toxin Genes Present within the Staphylococcal Phage {phi}Sa3ms Is Intimately Linked with the Phage's Life Cycle. J. Bacteriol. 185: 6841-6851 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Omoe, K., Hu, D.-L., Takahashi-Omoe, H., Nakane, A., Shinagawa, K. (2003). Identification and Characterization of a New Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-Related Putative Toxin Encoded by Two Kinds of Plasmids. Infect. Immun. 71: 6088-6094 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kikuchi, K., Takahashi, N., Piao, C., Totsuka, K., Nishida, H., Uchiyama, T. (2003). Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Causing Neonatal Toxic Shock Syndrome-Like Exanthematous Disease in Neonatal and Perinatal Wards. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 3001-3006 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Fitzgerald, J. R., Reid, S. D., Ruotsalainen, E., Tripp, T. J., Liu, M., Cole, R., Kuusela, P., Schlievert, P. M., Jarvinen, A., Musser, J. M. (2003). Genome Diversification in Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Evolution of a Highly Variable Chromosomal Region Encoding the Staphylococcal Exotoxin-Like Family of Proteins. Infect. Immun. 71: 2827-2838 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Orwin, P. M., Fitzgerald, J. R., Leung, D. Y. M., Gutierrez, J. A., Bohach, G. A., Schlievert, P. M. (2003). Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin L. Infect. Immun. 71: 2916-2919 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Becker, K., Friedrich, A. W., Lubritz, G., Weilert, M., Peters, G., von Eiff, C. (2003). Prevalence of Genes Encoding Pyrogenic Toxin Superantigens and Exfoliative Toxins among Strains of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Blood and Nasal Specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 1434-1439 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ellis, M., Serreli, A., Colque-Navarro, P., Hedstrom, U., Chacko, A., Siemkowicz, E., Mollby, R. (2003). Role of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in a fatal case of endocarditis. J Med Microbiol 52: 109-112 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Fey, P. D., Said-Salim, B., Rupp, M. E., Hinrichs, S. H., Boxrud, D. J., Davis, C. C., Kreiswirth, B. N., Schlievert, P. M. (2003). Comparative Molecular Analysis of Community- or Hospital-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 196-203 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hu, D.-L., Omoe, K., Shimoda, Y., Nakane, A., Shinagawa, K. (2003). Induction of Emetic Response to Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in the House Musk Shrew (Suncus murinus). Infect. Immun. 71: 567-570 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Adhikari, R. P., Cook, G. M., Lamont, I., Lang, S., Heffernan, H., Smith, J. M. B. (2002). Phenotypic and molecular characterization of community occurring, Western Samoan phage pattern methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 50: 825-831 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Pedras-Vasconcelos, J. A., Chapdelaine, Y., Dudani, R., van Faassen, H., Smith, D. K., Sad, S. (2002). Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Infected Mice Are More Susceptible to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-Mediated Toxic Shock than Uninfected Mice despite Reduced In Vitro Splenocyte Responses to Superantigens. Infect. Immun. 70: 4148-4157 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hetz, C., Bono, M. R., Barros, L. F., Lagos, R. (2002). Microcin E492, a channel-forming bacteriocin from Klebsiella pneumoniae, induces apoptosis in some human cell lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 2696-2701 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Omoe, K., Ishikawa, M., Shimoda, Y., Hu, D.-L., Ueda, S., Shinagawa, K. (2002). Detection of seg, seh, and sei genes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates and Determination of the Enterotoxin Productivities of S. aureus Isolates Harboring seg, seh, or sei Genes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40: 857-862 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Yarwood, J. M., McCormick, J. K., Paustian, M. L., Kapur, V., Schlievert, P. M. (2002). Repression of the Staphylococcus aureus Accessory Gene Regulator in Serum and In Vivo. J. Bacteriol. 184: 1095-1101 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Becker, K., Keller, B., von Eiff, C., Bruck, M., Lubritz, G., Etienne, J., Peters, G. (2001). Enterotoxigenic Potential of Staphylococcus intermedius. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 5551-5557 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gravet, A., Couppie, P., Meunier, O., Clyti, E., Moreau, B., Pradinaud, R., Monteil, H., Prevost, G. (2001). Staphylococcus aureus Isolated in Cases of Impetigo Produces Both Epidermolysin A or B and LukE-LukD in 78% of 131 Retrospective and Prospective Cases. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 4349-4356 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Akineden, O., Annemuller, C., Hassan, A. A., Lammler, C., Wolter, W., Zschock, M. (2001). Toxin Genes and Other Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Milk of Cows with Mastitis. CVI 8: 959-964 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Lee, V. T., Schneewind, O. (2001). Protein secretion and the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. Genes Dev. 15: 1725-1752 [Full Text]
Beno, D. W. A., Uhing, M. R., Goto, M., Chen, Y., Jiyamapa-Serna, V. A., Kimura, R. E. (2001). Staphylococcal enterotoxin B potentiates LPS-induced hepatic dysfunction in chronically catheterized rats. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 280: G866-G872 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Stiles, B. G., Garza, A. R., Ulrich, R. G., Boles, J. W. (2001). Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinantly Attenuated Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B and Protection in a Murine Model. Infect. Immun. 69: 2031-2036 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Dinges, M. M., Schlievert, P. M. (2001). Role of T Cells and Gamma Interferon during Induction of Hypersensitivity to Lipopolysaccharide by Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 in Mice. Infect. Immun. 69: 1256-1264 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Orwin, P. M., Leung, D. Y. M., Donahue, H. L., Novick, R. P., Schlievert, P. M. (2001). Biochemical and Biological Properties of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin K. Infect. Immun. 69: 360-366 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jarraud, S., Peyrat, M. A., Lim, A., Tristan, A., Bes, M., Mougel, C., Etienne, J., Vandenesch, F., Bonneville, M., Lina, G. (2001). egc, A Highly Prevalent Operon of Enterotoxin Gene, Forms a Putative Nursery of Superantigens in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Immunol. 166: 669-677 [Abstract] [Full Text]

Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.	Clin. Vaccine Immunol.
J. Clin. Microbiol.	ALL ASM JOURNALS