Diagnosis of Noncultivatable Gastroenteritis Viruses, the Human Caliciviruses

doi:10.1128/CMR.14.1.15-37.2001

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Clinical Microbiology Reviews, January 2001, p. 15-37, Vol. 14, No. 1
0893-8512/01/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/CMR.14.1.15-37.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Diagnosis of Noncultivatable Gastroenteritis Viruses, the Human Caliciviruses

Robert L. Atmar and Mary K. Estes^*

Departments of Medicine and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030

Gastroenteritis is one of the most common illnesses of humans, and many different viruses have been causally associated withthis disease. Of those enteric viruses that have been establishedas etiologic agents of gastroenteritis, only the human calicivirusescannot be cultivated in vitro. The cloning of Norwalk virus andsubsequently of other human caliciviruses has led to the developmentof several new diagnostic assays. Antigen detection enzyme immunoassays(EIAs) using polyclonal hyperimmune animal sera and antibody detectionEIAs using recombinant virus-like particles have supplanted theuse of human-derived reagents, but the use of these assays hasbeen restricted to research laboratories. Reverse transcription-PCRassays for the detection of human caliciviruses are more widelyavailable, and these assays have been used to identify virus inclinical specimens as well as in food, water, and other environmentalsamples. The application of these newer assays has significantlyincreased the recognition of the importance of human calicivirusesas causes of sporadic and outbreak-associatedgastroenteritis.

^* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 BaylorPlaza, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: (713) 798-3585. Fax: (713) 798-3586.E-mail: mestes{at}bcm.tmc.edu.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, January 2001, p. 15-37, Vol. 14, No. 1
0893-8512/01/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/CMR.14.1.15-37.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

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