This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Fields, B. S.
Right arrow Articles by Besser, R. E.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Fields, B. S.
Right arrow Articles by Besser, R. E.

 Previous Article

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, July 2002, p. 506-526, Vol. 15, No. 3
0893-8512/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CMR.15.3.506-526.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Legionella and Legionnaires' Disease: 25 Years of Investigation

Barry S. Fields,* Robert F. Benson, and Richard E. Besser

Respiratory Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333

There is still a low level of clinical awareness regarding Legionnaires' disease 25 years after it was first detected. The causative agents, legionellae, are freshwater bacteria with a fascinating ecology. These bacteria are intracellular pathogens of freshwater protozoa and utilize a similar mechanism to infect human phagocytic cells. There have been major advances in delineating the pathogenesis of legionellae through the identification of genes which allow the organism to bypass the endocytic pathways of both protozoan and human cells. Other bacteria that may share this novel infectious process are Coxiella burnetti and Brucella spp. More than 40 species and numerous serogroups of legionellae have been identified. Most diagnostic tests are directed at the species that causes most of the reported human cases of legionellosis, L. pneumophila serogroup 1. For this reason, information on the incidence of human respiratory disease attributable to other species and serogroups of legionellae is lacking. Improvements in diagnostic tests such as the urine antigen assay have inadvertently caused a decrease in the use of culture to detect infection, resulting in incomplete surveillance for legionellosis. Large, focal outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease continue to occur worldwide, and there is a critical need for surveillance for travel-related legionellosis in the United States. There is optimism that newly developed guidelines and water treatment practices can greatly reduce the incidence of this preventable illness.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: CDC, Mailstop GO3, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone: (404) 639-3563. Fax: (404) 639-4215. E-mail: bfields{at}cdc.gov.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, July 2002, p. 506-526, Vol. 15, No. 3
0893-8512/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CMR.15.3.506-526.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Allard, K. A., Dao, J., Sanjeevaiah, P., McCoy-Simandle, K., Chatfield, C. H., Crumrine, D. S., Castignetti, D., Cianciotto, N. P. (2009). Purification of Legiobactin and Importance of This Siderophore in Lung Infection by Legionella pneumophila. Infect. Immun. 77: 2887-2895 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Diederen, B. M. W., Bruin, J. P., Scopes, E., Peeters, M. F., IJzerman, E. P. F. (2009). Evaluation of the Oxoid Xpect Legionella Test Kit for Detection of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Antigen in Urine. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 2272-2274 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tanabe, M., Nakajima, H., Nakamura, A., Ito, T., Nakamura, M., Shimono, T., Wada, H., Shimpo, H., Nobori, T., Ito, M. (2009). Mycotic Aortic Aneurysm Associated with Legionella anisa. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 2340-2343 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Delgado-Viscogliosi, P., Solignac, L., Delattre, J.-M. (2009). Viability PCR, a Culture-Independent Method for Rapid and Selective Quantification of Viable Legionella pneumophila Cells in Environmental Water Samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75: 3502-3512 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Su, H.-P., Tung, S.-K., Tseng, L.-R., Tsai, W.-C., Chung, T.-C., Chang, T. C. (2009). Identification of Legionella Species by Use of an Oligonucleotide Array. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 1386-1392 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Thurmer, A., Helbig, J. H., Jacobs, E., Luck, P. C. (2009). PCR-based 'serotyping' of Legionella pneumophila. J Med Microbiol 58: 588-595 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ginevra, C., Lopez, M., Forey, F., Reyrolle, M., Meugnier, H., Vandenesch, F., Etienne, J., Jarraud, S., Molmeret, M. (2009). Evaluation of a Nested-PCR-Derived Sequence-Based Typing Method Applied Directly to Respiratory Samples from Patients with Legionnaires' Disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 981-987 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Morash, M. G., Brassinga, A. K. C., Warthan, M., Gourabathini, P., Garduno, R. A., Goodman, S. D., Hoffman, P. S. (2009). Reciprocal Expression of Integration Host Factor and HU in the Developmental Cycle and Infectivity of Legionella pneumophila. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75: 1826-1837 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wedege, E., Bergdal, T., Bolstad, K., Caugant, D. A., Efskind, J., Heier, H. E., Kanestrom, A., Strand, B. H., Aaberge, I. S. (2009). Seroepidemiological Study after a Long-Distance Industrial Outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease. CVI 16: 528-534 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rossier, O., Dao, J., Cianciotto, N. P. (2009). A type II secreted RNase of Legionella pneumophila facilitates optimal intracellular infection of Hartmannella vermiformis. Microbiology 155: 882-890 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Stewart, C. R., Rossier, O., Cianciotto, N. P. (2009). Surface Translocation by Legionella pneumophila: a Form of Sliding Motility That Is Dependent upon Type II Protein Secretion. J. Bacteriol. 191: 1537-1546 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Brombacher, E., Urwyler, S., Ragaz, C., Weber, S. S., Kami, K., Overduin, M., Hilbi, H. (2009). Rab1 Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor SidM Is a Major Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate-binding Effector Protein of Legionella pneumophila. J. Biol. Chem. 284: 4846-4856 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chang, B., Sugiyama, K., Taguri, T., Amemura-Maekawa, J., Kura, F., Watanabe, H. (2009). Specific Detection of Viable Legionella Cells by Combined Use of Photoactivated Ethidium Monoazide and PCR/Real-Time PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75: 147-153 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Allegra, S., Berger, F., Berthelot, P., Grattard, F., Pozzetto, B., Riffard, S. (2008). Use of Flow Cytometry To Monitor Legionella Viability. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 7813-7816 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tiaden, A., Spirig, T., Carranza, P., Bruggemann, H., Riedel, K., Eberl, L., Buchrieser, C., Hilbi, H. (2008). Synergistic Contribution of the Legionella pneumophila lqs Genes to Pathogen-Host Interactions. J. Bacteriol. 190: 7532-7547 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bauer, M, Mathieu, L, Deloge-Abarkan, M, Remen, T, Tossa, P, Hartemann, P, Zmirou-Navier, D (2008). Legionella bacteria in shower aerosols increase the risk of Pontiac fever among older people in retirement homes. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 62: 913-920 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Soderberg, M. A., Dao, J., Starkenburg, S. R., Cianciotto, N. P. (2008). Importance of Type II Secretion for Survival of Legionella pneumophila in Tap Water and in Amoebae at Low Temperatures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 5583-5588 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Spirig, T., Tiaden, A., Kiefer, P., Buchrieser, C., Vorholt, J. A., Hilbi, H. (2008). The Legionella Autoinducer Synthase LqsA Produces an {alpha}-Hydroxyketone Signaling Molecule. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 18113-18123 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • LeBlanc, J. J., Brassinga, A. K. C., Ewann, F., Davidson, R. J., Hoffman, P. S. (2008). An Ortholog of OxyR in Legionella pneumophila Is Expressed Postexponentially and Negatively Regulates the Alkyl Hydroperoxide Reductase (ahpC2D) Operon. J. Bacteriol. 190: 3444-3455 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wery, N., Bru-Adan, V., Minervini, C., Delgenes, J.-P., Garrelly, L., Godon, J.-J. (2008). Dynamics of Legionella spp. and Bacterial Populations during the Proliferation of L. pneumophila in a Cooling Tower Facility. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 3030-3037 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Soderberg, M. A., Cianciotto, N. P. (2008). A Legionella pneumophila Peptidyl-Prolyl cis-trans Isomerase Present in Culture Supernatants Is Necessary for Optimal Growth at Low Temperatures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 1634-1638 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Cazalet, C., Jarraud, S., Ghavi-Helm, Y., Kunst, F., Glaser, P., Etienne, J., Buchrieser, C. (2008). Multigenome analysis identifies a worldwide distributed epidemic Legionella pneumophila clone that emerged within a highly diverse species. Genome Res 18: 431-441 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rossier, O., Dao, J., Cianciotto, N. P. (2008). The Type II Secretion System of Legionella pneumophila Elaborates Two Aminopeptidases, as Well as a Metalloprotease That Contributes to Differential Infection among Protozoan Hosts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 753-761 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Diederen, B. M. W., Kluytmans, J. A. J. W., Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C. M., Peeters, M. F. (2008). Utility of Real-Time PCR for Diagnosis of Legionnaires' Disease in Routine Clinical Practice. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 671-677 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Luck, P. C., Schneider, T., Wagner, J., Walther, I., Reif, U., Weber, S., Weist, K. (2008). Community-acquired Legionnaires' disease caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 10 linked to the private home. J Med Microbiol 57: 240-243 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chen, D. E., Podell, S., Sauer, J.-D., Swanson, M. S., Saier, M. H. (2008). The phagosomal nutrient transporter (Pht) family. Microbiology 154: 42-53 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chatfield, C. H., Cianciotto, N. P. (2007). The Secreted Pyomelanin Pigment of Legionella pneumophila Confers Ferric Reductase Activity. Infect. Immun. 75: 4062-4070 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lamkanfi, M., Amer, A., Kanneganti, T.-D., Munoz-Planillo, R., Chen, G., Vandenabeele, P., Fortier, A., Gros, P., Nunez, G. (2007). The Nod-Like Receptor Family Member Naip5/Birc1e Restricts Legionella pneumophila Growth Independently of Caspase-1 Activation. J. Immunol. 178: 8022-8027 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ratzow, S., Gaia, V., Helbig, J. H., Fry, N. K., Luck, P. C. (2007). Addition of neuA, the Gene Encoding N-Acylneuraminate Cytidylyl Transferase, Increases the Discriminatory Ability of the Consensus Sequence-Based Scheme for Typing Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 1965-1968 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Feldman, M., Segal, G. (2007). A Pair of Highly Conserved Two-Component Systems Participates in the Regulation of the Hypervariable FIR Proteins in Different Legionella Species. J. Bacteriol. 189: 3382-3391 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lehtola, M. J., Torvinen, E., Kusnetsov, J., Pitkanen, T., Maunula, L., von Bonsdorff, C.-H., Martikainen, P. J., Wilks, S. A., Keevil, C. W., Miettinen, I. T. (2007). Survival of Mycobacterium avium, Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli, and Caliciviruses in Drinking Water-Associated Biofilms Grown under High-Shear Turbulent Flow. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 2854-2859 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pourcel, C., Visca, P., Afshar, B., D'Arezzo, S., Vergnaud, G., Fry, N. K. (2007). Identification of Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat (VNTR) Sequences in Legionella pneumophila and Development of an Optimized Multiple-Locus VNTR Analysis Typing Scheme. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 1190-1199 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Yaradou, D. F., Hallier-Soulier, S., Moreau, S., Poty, F., Hillion, Y., Reyrolle, M., Andre, J., Festoc, G., Delabre, K., Vandenesch, F., Etienne, J., Jarraud, S. (2007). Integrated Real-Time PCR for Detection and Monitoring of Legionella pneumophila in Water Systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 1452-1456 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gilmour, M. W., Bernard, K., Tracz, D. M., Olson, A. B., Corbett, C. R., Burdz, T., Ng, B., Wiebe, D., Broukhanski, G., Boleszczuk, P., Tang, P., Jamieson, F., Van Domselaar, G., Plummer, F. A., Berry, J. D. (2007). Molecular typing of a Legionella pneumophila outbreak in Ontario, Canada. J Med Microbiol 56: 336-341 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Liu, Y., Luo, Z.-Q. (2007). The Legionella pneumophila Effector SidJ Is Required for Efficient Recruitment of Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteins to the Bacterial Phagosome. Infect. Immun. 75: 592-603 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rojas, A., Rojas, J., Mendoza, J., Diederen, B. M. W., Peeters, M. F., Kluytmans, J. A. J. W. (2007). Vircell Assays for Detection of Antibodies against Legionella pneumophila. CVI 14: 208-209 [Full Text]  
  • DebRoy, S., Dao, J., Soderberg, M., Rossier, O., Cianciotto, N. P. (2006). Legionella pneumophila type II secretome reveals unique exoproteins and a chitinase that promotes bacterial persistence in the lung. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 19146-19151 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lucas, C. E., Brown, E., Fields, B. S. (2006). Type IV pili and type II secretion play a limited role in Legionella pneumophila biofilm colonization and retention. Microbiology 152: 3569-3573 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Vincent, C. D., Buscher, B. A., Friedman, J. R., Williams, L. A., Bardill, P., Vogel, J. P. (2006). Identification of Non-dot/icm Suppressors of the Legionella pneumophila {Delta}dotL Lethality Phenotype. J. Bacteriol. 188: 8231-8243 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Belyi, Y., Niggeweg, R., Opitz, B., Vogelsgesang, M., Hippenstiel, S., Wilm, M., Aktories, K. (2006). Legionella pneumophila glucosyltransferase inhibits host elongation factor 1A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 16953-16958 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Stolhaug, A., Bergh, K. (2006). Identification and Differentiation of Legionella pneumophila and Legionella spp. with Real-Time PCR Targeting the 16S rRNA Gene and Species Identification by mip Sequencing. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 6394-6398 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • DebRoy, S., Aragon, V., Kurtz, S., Cianciotto, N. P. (2006). Legionella pneumophila Mip, a Surface-Exposed Peptidylproline cis-trans-Isomerase, Promotes the Presence of Phospholipase C-Like Activity in Culture Supernatants. Infect. Immun. 74: 5152-5160 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Young, K. D. (2006). The Selective Value of Bacterial Shape. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 70: 660-703 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • LeBlanc, J. J., Davidson, R. J., Hoffman, P. S. (2006). Compensatory Functions of Two Alkyl Hydroperoxide Reductases in the Oxidative Defense System of Legionella pneumophila.. J. Bacteriol. 188: 6235-6244 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Diederen, B. M. W., Peeters, M. F. (2006). Evaluation of Two New Immunochromatographic Assays (Rapid U Legionella Antigen Test and SD Bioline Legionella Antigen Test) for Detection of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Antigen in Urine.. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 2991-2993 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Huang, B., Yuan, Z., Heron, B. A., Gray, B. R., Eglezos, S., Bates, J. R., Savill, J. (2006). Distribution of 19 major virulence genes in Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates from patients and water in Queensland, Australia.. J Med Microbiol 55: 993-997 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Huang, J., Van Aller, G. S., Taylor, A. N., Kerrigan, J. J., Liu, W.-S., Trulli, J. M., Lai, Z., Holmes, D., Aubart, K. M., Brown, J. R., Zalacain, M. (2006). Phylogenomic and Biochemical Characterization of Three Legionella pneumophila Polypeptide Deformylases.. J. Bacteriol. 188: 5249-5257 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Davis, K. A. (2006). Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Review. J Intensive Care Med 21: 211-226 [Abstract]  
  • Ewann, F., Hoffman, P. S. (2006). Cysteine Metabolism in Legionella pneumophila: Characterization of an L-Cystine-Utilizing Mutant.. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 3993-4000 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Temmerman, R., Vervaeren, H., Noseda, B., Boon, N., Verstraete, W. (2006). Necrotrophic Growth of Legionella pneumophila.. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 4323-4328 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fernandez-Moreira, E., Helbig, J. H., Swanson, M. S. (2006). Membrane Vesicles Shed by Legionella pneumophila Inhibit Fusion of Phagosomes with Lysosomes.. Infect. Immun. 74: 3285-3295 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Diederen, B. M. W., de Jong, C. M. A., Kluytmans, J. A. J. W., van der Zee, A., Peeters, M. F. (2006). Detection and quantification of Legionella pneumophila DNA in serum: case reports and review of the literature.. J Med Microbiol 55: 639-642 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Joly, P., Falconnet, P.-A., Andre, J., Weill, N., Reyrolle, M., Vandenesch, F., Maurin, M., Etienne, J., Jarraud, S. (2006). Quantitative Real-Time Legionella PCR for Environmental Water Samples: Data Interpretation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 2801-2808 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Diederen, B. M. W., Kluytmans, J. A. J. W., Peeters, M. F. (2006). Evaluation of Vircell Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay for Detection of Antibodies against Legionella pneumophila.. CVI 13: 361-364 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Broich, M., Rydzewski, K., McNealy, T. L., Marre, R., Flieger, A. (2006). The Global Regulatory Proteins LetA and RpoS Control Phospholipase A, Lysophospholipase A, Acyltransferase, and Other Hydrolytic Activities of Legionella pneumophila JR32. J. Bacteriol. 188: 1218-1226 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Allard, K. A., Viswanathan, V. K., Cianciotto, N. P. (2006). lbtA and lbtB Are Required for Production of the Legionella pneumophila Siderophore Legiobactin. J. Bacteriol. 188: 1351-1363 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Piao, Z., Sze, C. C., Barysheva, O., Iida, K.-i., Yoshida, S.-i. (2006). Temperature-Regulated Formation of Mycelial Mat-Like Biofilms by Legionella pneumophila. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 1613-1622 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wullings, B. A., van der Kooij, D. (2006). Occurrence and Genetic Diversity of Uncultured Legionella spp. in Drinking Water Treated at Temperatures below 15{degrees}C. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 157-166 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Moore, M. R., Pryor, M., Fields, B., Lucas, C., Phelan, M., Besser, R. E. (2006). Introduction of Monochloramine into a Municipal Water System: Impact on Colonization of Buildings by Legionella spp.. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 378-383 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Borella, P., Montagna, M. T., Stampi, S., Stancanelli, G., Romano-Spica, V., Triassi, M., Marchesi, I., Bargellini, A., Tato, D., Napoli, C., Zanetti, F., Leoni, E., Moro, M., Scaltriti, S., Ribera D'Alcala, G., Santarpia, R., Boccia, S. (2005). Legionella Contamination in Hot Water of Italian Hotels. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 5805-5813 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rubin, C.-J., Thollesson, M., Kirsebom, L. A., Herrmann, B. (2005). Phylogenetic relationships and species differentiation of 39 Legionella species by sequence determination of the RNase P RNA gene rnpB. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55: 2039-2049 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Feldman, M., Zusman, T., Hagag, S., Segal, G. (2005). Coevolution between nonhomologous but functionally similar proteins and their conserved partners in the Legionella pathogenesis system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 12206-12211 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rojas, A., Navarro, M. D., Fornes, F. E., Serra, E., Simarro, E., Rojas, J., Ruiz, J. (2005). Value of Serological Testing for Diagnosis of Legionellosis in Outbreak Patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 4022-4025 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chang, B., Kura, F., Amemura-Maekawa, J., Koizumi, N., Watanabe, H. (2005). Identification of a Novel Adhesion Molecule Involved in the Virulence of Legionella pneumophila. Infect. Immun. 73: 4272-4280 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ginevra, C., Barranger, C., Ros, A., Mory, O., Stephan, J.-L., Freymuth, F., Joannes, M., Pozzetto, B., Grattard, F. (2005). Development and Evaluation of Chlamylege, a New Commercial Test Allowing Simultaneous Detection and Identification of Legionella, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Clinical Respiratory Specimens by Multiplex PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 3247-3254 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Roch, N., Maurin, M. (2005). Antibiotic susceptibilities of Legionella pneumophila strain Paris in THP-1 cells as determined by real-time PCR assay. J Antimicrob Chemother 55: 866-871 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rossier, O., Cianciotto, N. P. (2005). The Legionella pneumophila tatB Gene Facilitates Secretion of Phospholipase C, Growth under Iron-Limiting Conditions, and Intracellular Infection. Infect. Immun. 73: 2020-2032 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ngeh, J., Goodbourn, C. (2005). Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila in Elderly Patients With Stroke (C-PEPS, M-PEPS, L-PEPS): A Case-Control Study on the Infectious Burden of Atypical Respiratory Pathogens in Elderly Patients With Acute Cerebrovascular Disease. Stroke 36: 259-265 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Molmeret, M., Horn, M., Wagner, M., Santic, M., Abu Kwaik, Y. (2005). Amoebae as Training Grounds for Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 20-28 [Full Text]  
  • Sheehan, K. B., Henson, J. M., Ferris, M. J. (2005). Legionella Species Diversity in an Acidic Biofilm Community in Yellowstone National Park. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 507-511 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chien, M., Morozova, I., Shi, S., Sheng, H., Chen, J., Gomez, S. M., Asamani, G., Hill, K., Nuara, J., Feder, M., Rineer, J., Greenberg, J. J., Steshenko, V., Park, S. H., Zhao, B., Teplitskaya, E., Edwards, J. R., Pampou, S., Georghiou, A., Chou, I.-C., Iannuccilli, W., Ulz, M. E., Kim, D. H., Geringer-Sameth, A., Goldsberry, C., Morozov, P., Fischer, S. G., Segal, G., Qu, X., Rzhetsky, A., Zhang, P., Cayanis, E., De Jong, P. J., Ju, J., Kalachikov, S., Shuman, H. A., Russo, J. J. (2004). The Genomic Sequence of the Accidental Pathogen Legionella pneumophila. Science 305: 1966-1968 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Huang, B., Heron, B. A., Gray, B. R., Eglezos, S., Bates, J. R., Savill, J. (2004). A Predominant and Virulent Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1 Strain Detected in Isolates from Patients and Water in Queensland, Australia, by an Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Protocol and Virulence Gene-Based PCR Assays. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 4164-4168 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Blasi, F. (2004). Atypical pathogens and respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 24: 171-182 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Soderberg, M. A., Rossier, O., Cianciotto, N. P. (2004). The Type II Protein Secretion System of Legionella pneumophila Promotes Growth at Low Temperatures. J. Bacteriol. 186: 3712-3720 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Igel, L., Helbig, J. H., Luck, P. C. (2004). Isolation and Characterization of a Nonfluorescent Strain of Legionella parisiensis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 2877-2878 [Full Text]  
  • Hiltz, M. F., Sisson, G. R., Brassinga, A. K. C., Garduno, E., Garduno, R. A., Hoffman, P. S. (2004). Expression of magA in Legionella pneumophila Philadelphia-1 Is Developmentally Regulated and a Marker of Formation of Mature Intracellular Forms. J. Bacteriol. 186: 3038-3045 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Aurell, H., Catala, P., Farge, P., Wallet, F., Le Brun, M., Helbig, J. H., Jarraud, S., Lebaron, P. (2004). Rapid Detection and Enumeration of Legionella pneumophila in Hot Water Systems by Solid-Phase Cytometry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 1651-1657 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rossier, O., Starkenburg, S. R., Cianciotto, N. P. (2004). Legionella pneumophila Type II Protein Secretion Promotes Virulence in the A/J Mouse Model of Legionnaires' Disease Pneumonia. Infect. Immun. 72: 310-321 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Herpers, B. L., de Jongh, B. M., van der Zwaluw, K., van Hannen, E. J. (2003). Real-Time PCR Assay Targets the 23S-5S Spacer for Direct Detection and Differentiation of Legionella spp. and Legionella pneumophila. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 4815-4816 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Templeton, K. E., Scheltinga, S. A., Sillekens, P., Crielaard, J. W., van Dam, A. P., Goossens, H., Claas, E. C. J. (2003). Development and Clinical Evaluation of an Internally Controlled, Single-Tube Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Legionella pneumophila and Other Legionella Species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 4016-4021 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Brassinga, A. K. C., Hiltz, M. F., Sisson, G. R., Morash, M. G., Hill, N., Garduno, E., Edelstein, P. H., Garduno, R. A., Hoffman, P. S. (2003). A 65-Kilobase Pathogenicity Island Is Unique to Philadelphia-1 Strains of Legionella pneumophila. J. Bacteriol. 185: 4630-4637 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Malan, A. K., Martins, T. B., Jaskowski, T. D., Hill, H. R., Litwin, C. M. (2003). Comparison of Two Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays with an Immunofluorescence Assay for Detection of Legionella pneumophila Types 1 to 6. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 3060-3063 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pourcel, C., Vidgop, Y., Ramisse, F., Vergnaud, G., Tram, C. (2003). Characterization of a Tandem Repeat Polymorphism in Legionella pneumophila and Its Use for Genotyping. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 1819-1826 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Roig, J., Rello, J. (2003). Legionnaires' disease: a rational approach to therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 51: 1119-1129 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Helbig, J. H., Uldum, S. A., Bernander, S., Luck, P. C., Wewalka, G., Abraham, B., Gaia, V., Harrison, T. G. (2003). Clinical Utility of Urinary Antigen Detection for Diagnosis of Community-Acquired, Travel-Associated, and Nosocomial Legionnaires' Disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 838-840 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Avison, M. B., Simm, A. M. (2002). Sequence and genome context analysis of a new molecular class D {beta}-lactamase gene from Legionella pneumophila. J Antimicrob Chemother 50: 331-338 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»