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Clinical Microbiology Reviews, July 2004, p. 509-539, Vol. 17, No. 3
0893-8512/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CMR.17.3.509-539.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Pathogenesis of Malaria and Clinically Similar Conditions

Ian A. Clark,1* Lisa M. Alleva,1 Alison C. Mills,1 and William B. Cowden2

School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,1 John Curtin School Of Medical Research Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia2

There is now wide acceptance of the concept that the similarity between many acute infectious diseases, be they viral, bacterial, or parasitic in origin, is caused by the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines initiated when the organism interacts with the innate immune system. This is also true of certain noninfectious states, such as the tissue injury syndromes. This review discusses the historical origins of these ideas, which began with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and spread from their origins in malaria research to other fields. As well the more established proinflammatory mediators, such as TNF, interleukin-1, and lymphotoxin, the roles of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, which are chiefly inhibitory, are discussed. The established and potential roles of two more recently recognized contributors, overactivity of the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and the escape of high-mobility-group box 1 (HMGB1) protein from its normal location into the circulation, are also put in context. The pathogenesis of the disease caused by falciparum malaria is then considered in the light of what has been learned about the roles of these mediators in these other diseases, as well as in malaria itself.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Phone: 61.2.6125.4363. Fax: 61.2.6125.0313. E-mail: ian.clark{at}anu.edu.au.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, July 2004, p. 509-539, Vol. 17, No. 3
0893-8512/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CMR.17.3.509-539.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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