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Clinical Microbiology Reviews, October 2004, p. 942-964, Vol. 17, No. 4
0893-8512/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CMR.17.4.942-964.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Role of Microglia in Central Nervous System Infections

R. Bryan Rock, Genya Gekker, Shuxian Hu, Wen S. Sheng, Maxim Cheeran, James R. Lokensgard, and Phillip K. Peterson*

Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, and University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota

The nature of microglia fascinated many prominent researchers in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and in a classic treatise in 1932, Pio del Rio-Hortega formulated a number of concepts regarding the function of these resident macrophages of the brain parenchyma that remain relevant to this day. However, a renaissance of interest in microglia occurred toward the end of the 20th century, fueled by the recognition of their role in neuropathogenesis of infectious agents, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and by what appears to be their participation in other neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. During the same period, insights into the physiological and pathological properties of microglia were gained from in vivo and in vitro studies of neurotropic viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and prions, which are reviewed in this article. New concepts that have emerged from these studies include the importance of cytokines and chemokines produced by activated microglia in neurodegenerative and neuroprotective processes and the elegant but astonishingly complex interactions between microglia, astrocytes, lymphocytes, and neurons that underlie these processes. It is proposed that an enhanced understanding of microglia will yield improved therapies of central nervous system infections, since such therapies are, by and large, sorely needed.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55415. Phone: (612) 873-2877. Fax: (612) 904-4299. E-mail: peter137{at}umn.edu.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, October 2004, p. 942-964, Vol. 17, No. 4
0893-8512/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CMR.17.4.942-964.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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