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Clinical Microbiology Reviews, October 2006, p. 708-727, Vol. 19, No. 4
0893-8512/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/CMR.00011-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Coinfections Acquired from Ixodes Ticks

Stephen J. Swanson,1,2 David Neitzel,2 Kurt D. Reed,3 and Edward A. Belongia3*

Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Office of Workforce and Career Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia,1 Acute Disease Investigation and Control, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota,2 Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin3

The pathogens that cause Lyme disease (LD), human anaplasmosis, and babesiosis can coexist in Ixodes ticks and cause human coinfections. Although the risk of human coinfection differs by geographic location, the true prevalence of coinfecting pathogens among Ixodes ticks remains largely unknown for the majority of geographic locations. The prevalence of dually infected Ixodes ticks appears highest among ticks from regions of North America and Europe where LD is endemic, with reported prevalences of ≤28%. In North America and Europe, the majority of tick-borne coinfections occur among humans with diagnosed LD. Humans coinfected with LD and babesiosis appear to have more intense, prolonged symptoms than those with LD alone. Coinfected persons can also manifest diverse, influenza-like symptoms, and abnormal laboratory test results are frequently observed. Coinfecting pathogens might alter the efficiency of transmission, cause cooperative or competitive pathogen interactions, and alter disease severity among hosts. No prospective studies to assess the immunologic effects of coinfection among humans have been conducted, but animal models demonstrate that certain coinfections can modulate the immune response. Clinicians should consider the likelihood of coinfection when pursuing laboratory testing or selecting therapy for patients with tick-borne illness.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Epidemiology Research Center (ML2), Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Ave., Marshfield, WI 54449. Phone: (715) 389-3783. Fax: (715) 389-3880. E-mail: belongia.edward{at}marshfieldclinic.org.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, October 2006, p. 708-727, Vol. 19, No. 4
0893-8512/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/CMR.00011-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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