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Clinical Microbiology Reviews, April 2008, p. 291-304, Vol. 21, No. 2
0893-8512/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/CMR.00030-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Human Bocavirus: Passenger or Pathogen in Acute Respiratory Tract Infections?

Oliver Schildgen,1,{ddagger}* Andreas Müller,2 Tobias Allander,3 Ian M. Mackay,4,5 Sebastian Völz,2 Bernd Kupfer,2,{ddagger} and Arne Simon1

Institute for Virology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,1 Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,2 Karolinska Institutet, Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Laboratory for Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden,3 Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia,4 Clinical Medical Virology Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia5

Summary: Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly identified virus tentatively assigned to the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, genus Bocavirus. HBoV was first described in 2005 and has since been detected in respiratory tract secretions worldwide. Herein we review the literature on HBoV and discuss the biology and potential clinical impact of this virus. Most studies have been PCR based and performed on patients with acute respiratory symptoms, from whom HBoV was detected in 2 to 19% of the samples. HBoV-positive samples have been derived mainly from infants and young children. HBoV DNA has also been detected in the blood of patients with respiratory tract infection and in fecal samples of patients with diarrhea with or without concomitant respiratory symptoms. A characteristic feature of HBoV studies is the high frequency of coinciding detections, or codetections, with other viruses. Available data nevertheless indicate a statistical association between HBoV and acute respiratory tract disease. We present a model incorporating these somewhat contradictory findings and suggest that primary HBoV infection causes respiratory tract symptoms which can be followed by prolonged low-level virus shedding in the respiratory tract. Detection of the virus in this phase will be facilitated by other infections, either simply via increased sample cell count or via reactivation of HBoV, leading to an increased detection frequency of HBoV during other virus infections. We conclude that the majority of available HBoV studies are limited by the sole use of PCR diagnostics on respiratory tract secretions, addressing virus prevalence but not disease association. The ability to detect primary infection through the development of improved diagnostic methods will be of great importance for future studies seeking to assign a role for HBoV in causing respiratory illnesses.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institute for Virology, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany. Phone: 49-(0)228-28711186. Fax: 49-(0)228-28714433. E-mail: schildgen{at}virology-bonn.de

{ddagger} These authors contributed equally to this work.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, April 2008, p. 291-304, Vol. 21, No. 2
0893-8512/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/CMR.00030-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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