This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Dubey, J. P.
Right arrow Articles by Speer, C. A.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Dubey, J. P.
Right arrow Articles by Speer, C. A.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, April 1998, p. 267-299, Vol. 11, No. 2
0893-8512/98/$00.00+0

Structures of Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites, Bradyzoites, and Sporozoites and Biology and Development of Tissue Cystsdagger

J. P. Dubey,1,* D. S. Lindsay,2 and C. A. Speer3

Parasite Biology and Epidemiology Laboratory, Livestock and Poultry Sciences Institute, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-23501; Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia Tech, College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia 240612; and Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 597173

Infections by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii are widely prevalent worldwide in animals and humans. This paper reviews the life cycle; the structure of tachyzoites, bradyzoites, oocysts, sporocysts, sporozoites and enteroepithelial stages of T. gondii; and the mode of penetration of T. gondii. The review provides a detailed account of the biology of tissue cysts and bradyzoites including in vivo and in vitro development, methods of separation from host tissue, tissue cyst rupture, and relapse. The mechanism of in vivo and in vitro stage conversion from sporozoites to tachyzoites to bradyzoites and from bradyzoites to tachyzoites to bradyzoites is also discussed.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Parasite Biology and Epidemiology Laboratory, LPSI, USDA, BARC-East, Building 1040, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705-2350. Phone: (301) 504-8128. Fax: (301) 504-9222. E-mail: JDUBEY{at}GGPL.ARSUSDA.GOV.

dagger Contribution J5148 from the Montana State University Agricultural Experiment Station.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, April 1998, p. 267-299, Vol. 11, No. 2
0893-8512/98/$00.00+0


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Sibley, L. D., Khan, A., Ajioka, J. W., Rosenthal, B. M. (2009). Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in animals and humans. Phil Trans R Soc B 364: 2749-2761 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ibrahim, H. M., Bannai, H., Xuan, X., Nishikawa, Y. (2009). Toxoplasma gondii Cyclophilin 18-Mediated Production of Nitric Oxide Induces Bradyzoite Conversion in a CCR5-Dependent Manner. Infect. Immun. 77: 3686-3695 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bougdour, A., Maubon, D., Baldacci, P., Ortet, P., Bastien, O., Bouillon, A., Barale, J.-C., Pelloux, H., Menard, R., Hakimi, M.-A. (2009). Drug inhibition of HDAC3 and epigenetic control of differentiation in Apicomplexa parasites. JEM 206: 953-966 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Marco, I., Velarde, R., Lopez-Olvera, J. R., Cabezon, O., Pumarola, M., Lavin, S. (2009). Systemic toxoplasmosis and Gram-negative sepsis in a southern chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) from the Pyrenees in northeast Spain. jvdi 21: 244-247 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gordon, J. L., Beatty, W. L., Sibley, L. D. (2008). A Novel Actin-Related Protein Is Associated with Daughter Cell Formation in Toxoplasma gondii. Eukaryot Cell 7: 1500-1512 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Di Cristina, M., Marocco, D., Galizi, R., Proietti, C., Spaccapelo, R., Crisanti, A. (2008). Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Toxoplasma gondii Differentiation into Bradyzoites and Tissue Cyst Formation In Vivo. Infect. Immun. 76: 3491-3501 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Eggleston, T. L., Fitzpatrick, E., Hager, K. M. (2008). Parasitology as a Teaching Tool: Isolation of Apicomplexan Cysts from Store-bought Meat. cellbioed 7: 184-192 [Full Text]  
  • Gentry, M. S., Dowen, R. H. III, Worby, C. A., Mattoo, S., Ecker, J. R., Dixon, J. E. (2007). The phosphatase laforin crosses evolutionary boundaries and links carbohydrate metabolism to neuronal disease. JCB 178: 477-488 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fleige, T., Fischer, K., Ferguson, D. J. P., Gross, U., Bohne, W. (2007). Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Toxoplasma gondii Apicoplast: Localization of Three Glycolytic Isoenzymes, the Single Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex, and a Plastid Phosphate Translocator. Eukaryot Cell 6: 984-996 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fux, B., Nawas, J., Khan, A., Gill, D. B., Su, C., Sibley, L. D. (2007). Toxoplasma gondii Strains Defective in Oral Transmission Are Also Defective in Developmental Stage Differentiation. Infect. Immun. 75: 2580-2590 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Webster, J. P. (2007). The Effect of Toxoplasma gondii on Animal Behavior: Playing Cat and Mouse. Schizophr Bull 33: 752-756 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Holec, L., Hiszczynska-Sawicka, E., Gasior, A., Brillowska-Dabrowska, A., Kur, J. (2007). Use of MAG1 Recombinant Antigen for Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Humans. CVI 14: 220-225 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ryser-Degiorgis, M.-P., Jakubek, E.-B., Segerstad, C. H. a., Brojer, C., Morner, T., Jansson, D. S., Lunden, A., Uggla, A. (2006). Serological Survey of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Free-ranging Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) from Sweden.. J Wildl Dis 42: 182-187 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hu, K., Roos, D. S., Angel, S. O., Murray, J. M. (2004). Variability and heritability of cell division pathways in Toxoplasma gondii. J. Cell Sci. 117: 5697-5705 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • McKee, A. S., Dzierszinski, F., Boes, M., Roos, D. S., Pearce, E. J. (2004). Functional Inactivation of Immature Dendritic Cells by the Intracellular Parasite Toxoplasma gondii. J. Immunol. 173: 2632-2640 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Dzierszinski, F., Nishi, M., Ouko, L., Roos, D. S. (2004). Dynamics of Toxoplasma gondii Differentiation. Eukaryot Cell 3: 992-1003 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Karsten, V., Hegde, R. S., Sinai, A. P., Yang, M., Joiner, K. A. (2004). Transmembrane Domain Modulates Sorting of Membrane Proteins in Toxoplasma gondii. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 26052-26057 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mordue, D. G., Sibley, L. D. (2003). A novel population of Gr-1+-activated macrophages induced during acute toxoplasmosis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 74: 1015-1025 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Molestina, R. E., Payne, T. M., Coppens, I., Sinai, A. P. (2003). Activation of NF-{kappa}B by Toxoplasma gondii correlates with increased expression of antiapoptotic genes and localization of phosphorylated I{kappa}B to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. J. Cell Sci. 116: 4359-4371 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Payne, T. M., Molestina, R. E., Sinai, A. P. (2003). Inhibition of caspase activation and a requirement for NF-{kappa}B function in the Toxoplasma gondii-mediated blockade of host apoptosis. J. Cell Sci. 116: 4345-4358 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Schwab, K. J., McDevitt, J. J. (2003). Development of a PCR-Enzyme Immunoassay Oligoprobe Detection Method for Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts, Incorporating PCR Controls. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 5819-5825 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • King, M. D., Lindsay, D. S., Holladay, S., Ehrich, M. (2003). Neurotoxicity and Immunotoxicity Assessment in CBA/J Mice with Chronic Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Single-Dose Exposure to Methylmercury. International Journal of Toxicology 22: 53-61 [Abstract]  
  • Collazo, C. M., Yap, G. S., Hieny, S., Caspar, P., Feng, C. G., Taylor, G. A., Sher, A. (2002). The Function of Gamma Interferon-Inducible GTP-Binding Protein IGTP in Host Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Is Stat1 Dependent and Requires Expression in Both Hematopoietic and Nonhematopoietic Cellular Compartments. Infect. Immun. 70: 6933-6939 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ferro, E. A. V., Silva, D. A. O., Bevilacqua, E., Mineo, J. R. (2002). Effect of Toxoplasma gondii Infection Kinetics on Trophoblast Cell Population in Calomys callosus, a Model of Congenital Toxoplasmosis. Infect. Immun. 70: 7089-7094 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Cleary, M. D., Singh, U., Blader, I. J., Brewer, J. L., Boothroyd, J. C. (2002). Toxoplasma gondii Asexual Development: Identification of Developmentally Regulated Genes and Distinct Patterns of Gene Expression. Eukaryot Cell 1: 329-340 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mordue, D. G., Monroy, F., La Regina, M., Dinarello, C. A., Sibley, L. D. (2001). Acute Toxoplasmosis Leads to Lethal Overproduction of Th1 Cytokines. J. Immunol. 167: 4574-4584 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zhang, Y. W., Halonen, S. K., Ma, Y. F., Wittner, M., Weiss, L. M. (2001). Initial Characterization of CST1, a Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Glycoprotein. Infect. Immun. 69: 501-507 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Miller, D., Davis, J., Rosa, R., Diaz, M., Perez, E. (2000). Utility of Tissue Culture for Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Vitreous Humor of Patients Diagnosed with Toxoplasmic Retinochoroiditis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 3840-3842 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Black, M. W., Boothroyd, J. C. (2000). Lytic Cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64: 607-623 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Meek, B., Klaren, V. N. A., van Haeringen, N. J., Kijlstra, A., Peek, R. (2000). IgA Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Human Tears. IOVS 41: 2584-2590 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hehl, A. B., Marti, M., Köhler, P. (2000). Stage-Specific Expression and Targeting of Cyst Wall Protein-Green Fluorescent Protein Chimeras in Giardia. Mol. Biol. Cell 11: 1789-1800 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Swedlow, J. R., Hu, K., Andrews, P. D., Roos, D. S., Murray, J. M. (2002). Measuring tubulin content in Toxoplasma gondii: A comparison of laser-scanning confocal and wide-field fluorescence microscopy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 2014-2019 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hu, K., Mann, T., Striepen, B., Beckers, C. J. M., Roos, D. S., Murray, J. M. (2002). Daughter Cell Assembly in the Protozoan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Mol. Biol. Cell 13: 593-606 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»