This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Lawn, S. D.
Right arrow Articles by Folks, T. M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Lawn, S. D.
Right arrow Articles by Folks, T. M.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, October 2001, p. 753-777, Vol. 14, No. 4
0893-8512/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/CMR.14.4.753-777.2001

Contribution of Immune Activation to the Pathogenesis and Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

Stephen D. Lawn,1,2,* Salvatore T. Butera,1 and Thomas M. Folks1

HIV and Retrovirology Branch1 and Tuberculosis/Mycobacteriology Branch,2 Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia

The life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is intricately related to the activation state of the host cells supporting viral replication. Although cellular activation is essential to mount an effective host immune response to invading pathogens, paradoxically the marked systemic immune activation that accompanies HIV-1 infection in vivo may play an important role in sustaining phenomenal rates of HIV-1 replication in infected persons. Moreover, by inducing CD4+ cell loss by apoptosis, immune activation may further be central to the increased rate of CD4+ cell turnover and eventual development of CD4+ lymphocytopenia. In addition to HIV-1-induced immune activation, exogenous immune stimuli such as opportunistic infections may further impact the rate of HIV-1 replication systemically or at localized anatomical sites. Such stimuli may also lead to genotypic and phenotypic changes in the virus pool. Together, these various immunological effects on the biology of HIV-1 may potentially enhance disease progression in HIV-infected persons and may ultimately outweigh the beneficial aspects of antiviral immune responses. This may be particularly important for those living in developing countries, where there is little or no access to antiretroviral drugs and where frequent exposure to pathogenic organisms sustains a chronically heightened state of immune activation. Moreover, immune activation associated with sexually transmitted diseases, chorioamnionitis, and mastitis may have important local effects on HIV-1 replication that may increase the risk of sexual or mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. The aim of this paper is to provide a broad review of the interrelationship between immune activation and the immunopathogenesis, transmission, progression, and treatment of HIV-1 infection in vivo.

* Corresponding author. Present address: Division of Infectious Diseases, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 ORE, United Kingdom. Phone: 798 952 8724. Fax: 208 725 3487. E-mail: stevelawn{at}yahoo.co.uk.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, October 2001, p. 753-777, Vol. 14, No. 4
0893-8512/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/CMR.14.4.753-777.2001


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Ji, J., Cloyd, M. W. (2009). HIV-1 binding to CD4 on CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells enhances their suppressive function and induces them to home to, and accumulate in, peripheral and mucosal lymphoid tissues: an additional mechanism of immunosuppression. Int Immunol 21: 283-294 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gumbi, P. P., Nkwanyana, N. N., Bere, A., Burgers, W. A., Gray, C. M., Williamson, A.-L., Hoffman, M., Coetzee, D., Denny, L., Passmore, J.-A. S. (2008). Impact of Mucosal Inflammation on Cervical Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1)-Specific CD8 T-Cell Responses in the Female Genital Tract during Chronic HIV Infection. J. Virol. 82: 8529-8536 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Moir, S., Ho, J., Malaspina, A., Wang, W., DiPoto, A. C., O'Shea, M. A., Roby, G., Kottilil, S., Arthos, J., Proschan, M. A., Chun, T.-W., Fauci, A. S. (2008). Evidence for HIV-associated B cell exhaustion in a dysfunctional memory B cell compartment in HIV-infected viremic individuals. JEM 205: 1797-1805 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Temoshok, L. R., Wald, R. L., Synowski, S., Garzino-Demo, A. (2008). Coping as a Multisystem Construct Associated With Pathways Mediating HIV-Relevant Immune Function and Disease Progression. Psychosom. Med. 70: 555-561 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kinter, A., McNally, J., Riggin, L., Jackson, R., Roby, G., Fauci, A. S. (2007). Suppression of HIV-specific T cell activity by lymph node CD25+ regulatory T cells from HIV-infected individuals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 3390-3395 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gurney, K. B., Uittenbogaart, C. H. (2006). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence and Production in T-Cell Development. CVI 13: 1237-1245 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • BROWN, M., MIIRO, G., NKURUNZIZA, P., WATERA, C., QUIGLEY, M. A., DUNNE, D. W., WHITWORTH, J. A. G., ELLIOTT, A. M. (2006). SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI, NEMATODE INFECTIONS, AND PROGRESSION TO ACTIVE TUBERCULOSIS AMONG HIV-1-INFECTED UGANDANS.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 819-825 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Leng, Q., Bentwich, Z., Borkow, G. (2006). Increased TGF-{beta}, Cbl-b and CTLA-4 levels and immunosuppression in association with chronic immune activation. Int Immunol 18: 637-644 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lopalco, L., Barassi, C., Paolucci, C., Breda, D., Brunelli, D., Nguyen, M., Nouhin, J., Luong, T. T., Truong, L. X., Clerici, M., Calori, G., Lazzarin, A., Pancino, G., Burastero, S. E. (2005). Predictive value of anti-cell and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) humoral responses in HIV-1-exposed seronegative cohorts of European and Asian origin. J. Gen. Virol. 86: 339-348 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Karlsson, I., Antonsson, L., Shi, Y., Oberg, M., Karlsson, A., Albert, J., Olde, B., Owman, C., Jansson, M., Fenyo, E. M. (2004). Coevolution of RANTES Sensitivity and Mode of CCR5 Receptor Use by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 of the R5 Phenotype. J. Virol. 78: 11807-11815 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Borkow, G., Bentwich, Z. (2004). Chronic Immune Activation Associated with Chronic Helminthic and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections: Role of Hyporesponsiveness and Anergy. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17: 1012-1030 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kinter, A. L., Hennessey, M., Bell, A., Kern, S., Lin, Y., Daucher, M., Planta, M., McGlaughlin, M., Jackson, R., Ziegler, S. F., Fauci, A. S. (2004). CD25+CD4+ Regulatory T Cells from the Peripheral Blood of Asymptomatic HIV-infected Individuals Regulate CD4+ and CD8+ HIV-specific T Cell Immune Responses In Vitro and Are Associated with Favorable Clinical Markers of Disease Status. JEM 200: 331-343 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Giguere, J.-F., Bounou, S., Paquette, J.-S., Madrenas, J., Tremblay, M. J. (2004). Insertion of Host-Derived Costimulatory Molecules CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2) into Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Affects the Virus Life Cycle. J. Virol. 78: 6222-6232 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zhao, C., Papadopoulou, B., Tremblay, M. J. (2004). Leishmania infantum Promotes Replication of HIV Type 1 in Human Lymphoid Tissue Cultured Ex Vivo by Inducing Secretion of the Proinflammatory Cytokines TNF-{alpha} and IL-1{alpha}. J. Immunol. 172: 3086-3093 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pham, T., Belzer, M., Church, J. A., Kitchen, C., Wilson, C. M., Douglas, S. D., Geng, Y., Silva, M., Mitchell, R. M., Krogstad, P. (2003). Assessment of Thymic Activity in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Negative and -Positive Adolescents by Real-Time PCR Quantitation of T-Cell Receptor Rearrangement Excision Circles. CVI 10: 323-328 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»