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Clinical Microbiology Reviews, October 2002, p. 564-594, Vol. 15, No. 4
0893-8512/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CMR.15.4.564-594.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Evolutionary and Historical Aspects of the Burden of Malaria

Richard Carter1* and Kamini N. Mendis2

University of Edinburgh, Division of Biological Sciences, ICAPB, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom,1 Roll Back Malaria Project, World Health Organization, Geneva 27, Switzerland2

Malaria is among the oldest of diseases. In one form or another, it has infected and affected our ancestors since long before the origin of the human line. During our recent evolution, its influence has probably been greater than that of any other infectious agent. Here we attempt to trace the forms and impacts of malaria from a distant past through historical times to the present. In the last sections, we review the current burdens of malaria across the world and discuss present-day approaches to its management. Only by following, or attempting to follow, malaria throughout its evolution and history can we understand its character and so be better prepared for our future management of this ancient ill.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Biological Sciences, ICAPB, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Rd., Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 131 650 5558. Fax: 44 131 668 3861. E-mail: r.carter{at}ed.ac.uk.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, October 2002, p. 564-594, Vol. 15, No. 4
0893-8512/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CMR.15.4.564-594.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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