This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Borkow, G.
Right arrow Articles by Bentwich, Z.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Borkow, G.
Right arrow Articles by Bentwich, Z.

 Previous Article

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, October 2004, p. 1012-1030, Vol. 17, No. 4
0893-8512/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CMR.17.4.1012-1030.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Chronic Immune Activation Associated with Chronic Helminthic and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections: Role of Hyporesponsiveness and Anergy

Gadi Borkow1 and Zvi Bentwich2*

Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot,1 Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel2

Chronic immune activation is one of the hallmarks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It is present also, with very similar characteristics, in very large human populations infested with helminthic infections. We have tried to review the studies addressing the changes in the immune profiles and responses of hosts infected with either one of these two chronic infections. Not surprisingly, several of the immune derangements and impairments seen in HIV infection, and considered by many to be the "specific" effects of HIV, can be found in helminth-infected but HIV-noninfected individuals and can thus be accounted for by the chronic immune activation itself. A less appreciated element in chronic immune activation is the immune suppression and anergy which it may generate. Both HIV and helminth infections represent this aspect in a very wide and illustrative way. Different degrees of anergy and immune hyporesponsiveness are present in these infections and probably have far-reaching effects on the ability of the host to cope with these and other infections. Furthermore, they may have important practical implications, especially with regard to protective vaccinations against AIDS, for populations chronically infected with helminths and therefore widely anergic. The current knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the generation of anergy by chronic immune activation is thoroughly reviewed.

* Corresponding author. Present address: Rosetta Genomics, 10 Plaut St., Rabin Science Park, Rehovot 76701, Israel. Phone: 972-8-9484755. Fax: 972-8-9484766. E-mail: zbentwich{at}rosettagenomics.com

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, October 2004, p. 1012-1030, Vol. 17, No. 4
0893-8512/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CMR.17.4.1012-1030.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Nielsen, N. O., Simonsen, P. E., Dalgaard, P., Krarup, H., Magnussen, P., Magesa, S., Friis, H. (2007). Effect of Diethylcarbamazine on HIV Load, CD4%, and CD4/CD8 Ratio in HIV-Infected Adult Tanzanians with or without Lymphatic Filariasis: Randomized Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Cross-Over Trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 507-513 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Meissner, N., Rutkowski, M., Harmsen, A. L., Han, S., Harmsen, A. G. (2007). Type I Interferon Signaling and B Cells Maintain Hemopoiesis during Pneumocystis Infection of the Lung. J. Immunol. 178: 6604-6615 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ayash-Rashkovsky, M., Chenine, A.-L., Steele, L. N., Lee, S. J., Song, R., Ong, H., Rasmussen, R. A., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Else, J. G., Augostini, P., McClure, H. M., Secor, W. E., Ruprecht, R. M. (2007). Coinfection with Schistosoma mansoni Reactivates Viremia in Rhesus Macaques with Chronic Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clade C Infection. Infect. Immun. 75: 1751-1756 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • McElroy, M. D., Elrefaei, M., Jones, N., Ssali, F., Mugyenyi, P., Barugahare, B., Cao, H. (2005). Coinfection with Schistosoma mansoni Is Associated with Decreased HIV-Specific Cytolysis and Increased IL-10 Production. J. Immunol. 174: 5119-5123 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»