Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR)

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Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Oct 1995, 451-461, Vol 8, No. 4
Copyright © 1995 by the American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR)

CC Kuo, LA Jackson, LA Campbell and JT Grayston
Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.

Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) is a recently recognized third species of the genus Chlamydia that causes acute respiratory disease. It is distinct from the other two chlamydial species that infect humans, C. trachomatis and C. psittaci, in elementary body morphology and shares less than 10% of the DNA homology with those species. The organism has a global distribution, with infection most common among children between the ages of 5 and 14 years. In children, TWAR infection is usually mild or asymptomatic, but it may be more severe in adults. Pneumonia and bronchitis are the most common clinical manifestations of infection, and TWAR is responsible for approximately 10% of cases of pneumonia and 5% of cases of bronchitis in the United States. The microimmunofluorescence serologic assay is specific for TWAR and can distinguish between recent and past infections. The organism can be isolated in cell culture; however, PCR techniques have recently facilitated its detection in tissues and clinical specimens.

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Huhtinen, M., Puolakkainen, M., Laasila, K., Sarvas, M., Karma, A., Leirisalo-Repo, M. (2001). Chlamydial Antibodies in Patients with Previous Acute Anterior Uveitis. IOVS 42: 1816-1819 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Airas, L., Kotilainen, P., Vainionpaa, R., Marttila, R. J. (2001). Encephalitis associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae. Neurology 56: 1778-1779 [Full Text]
Yao, S.-Y., Stratton, C. W., Mitchell, W. M., Sriram, S. (2001). CSF oligoclonal bands in MS include antibodies against Chlamydophila antigens. Neurology 56: 1168-1176 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Wolf, K., Fischer, E., Mead, D., Zhong, G., Peeling, R., Whitmire, B., Caldwell, H. D. (2001). Chlamydia pneumoniae Major Outer Membrane Protein Is a Surface-Exposed Antigen That Elicits Antibodies Primarily Directed against Conformation-Dependent Determinants. Infect. Immun. 69: 3082-3091 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Smieja, M., Mahony, J. B., Goldsmith, C. H., Chong, S., Petrich, A., Chernesky, M. (2001). Replicate PCR Testing and Probit Analysis for Detection and Quantitation of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Clinical Specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 1796-1801 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Miyashita, N., Niki, Y., Nakajima, M., Fukano, H., Matsushima, T. (2001). Prevalence of Asymptomatic Infection With Chlamydia pneumoniae in Subjectively Healthy Adults. Chest 119: 1416-1419 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bas, S., Muzzin, P., Ninet, B., Bornand, J. E., Scieux, C., Vischer, T. L. (2001). Chlamydial Serology: Comparative Diagnostic Value of Immunoblotting, Microimmunofluorescence Test, and Immunoassays Using Different Recombinant Proteins as Antigens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 1368-1377 [Abstract] [Full Text]
LaBiche, R., Koziol, D., Quinn, T. C., Gaydos, C., Azhar, S., Ketron, G., Sood, S., DeGraba, T. J. (2001). Presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Human Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque. Stroke 32: 855-860 [Abstract] [Full Text]
FREIDANK, H. M., BILLING, H., WIEDMANN-AL-AHMAD, M. (2001). Influence of iron restriction on Chlamydia pneumoniae and C. trachomatis. J Med Microbiol 50: 223-227 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Apfalter, P., Blasi, F., Boman, J., Gaydos, C. A., Kundi, M., Maass, M., Makristathis, A., Meijer, A., Nadrchal, R., Persson, K., Rotter, M. L., Tong, C. Y. W., Stanek, G., Hirschl, A. M. (2001). Multicenter Comparison Trial of DNA Extraction Methods and PCR Assays for Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Endarterectomy Specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 519-524 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Krametter, D, Niederwieser, G, Berghold, A, Birnbaum, G, Strasser-Fuchs, S, Hartung, H-P, Archelos, J J (2001). Chlamydia pneumoniae in multiple sclerosis: humoral immune responses in serum and cerebrospinal fluid and correlation with disease activity marker. Mult Scler 7: 13-18 [Abstract]
Halme, S., Latvala, J., Karttunen, R., Palatsi, I., Saikku, P., Surcel, H.-M. (2000). Cell-Mediated Immune Response during Primary Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection. Infect. Immun. 68: 7156-7158 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Meijer, A, Roholl, P J M, Gielis-Proper, S K, Meulenberg, Y F, Ossewaarde, J M (2000). Chlamydia pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo: a critical evaluation of in situ detection methods. J. Clin. Pathol. 53: 904-910 [Abstract] [Full Text]

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