DOI: 10.1128/CMR.13.4.547
Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Proposed mechanisms linking oral infection and periodontal disease to cardiovascular disease.
- Fig. 2.
Proposed causal model of dentally associated endocarditis (adapted from ref. 32 with permission of the publisher).
Tables
- Table 1.
Possible pathways of oral infections and nonoral diseasesa
Pathway for oral infection Possible nonoral diseases Metastatic infection from oral cavity via transient bacteremia Subacute infective endocarditis, acute bacterial myocarditis, brain abscess, cavernous sinus thrombosis, sinusitis, lung abscess/infection, Ludwig's angina, orbital cellulitis, skin ulcer, osteomyelitis, prosthetic joint infection Metastatic injury from circulation of oral microbial toxins Cerebral infarction, acute myocardial infarction, abnormal pregnancy outcome, persistent pyrexia, idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia, toxic shock syndrome, systemic granulocytic cell defects, chronic meningitis Metastatic inflammation caused by immunological injury from oral organisms Behçet's syndrome, chronic urticaria, uveitis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease ↵a Compiled from references109 and 115.
- Table 2.
Adjusted odds ratios for cardiovascular disease for patients with periodontal disease
Study Yr Odds ratio Total cardiovascular disease Fatal cardiovascular disease/stroke DeStefano et al. (28) 1993 1.29 1.46 Beck et al. (5) 1996 1.5 1.9/2.8 Joshipura et al. (63) 1996 1.67 Grau et al. (45) 1997 2.6 - Table 3.
Associations between oral conditions and atherosclerosis/coronary heart diseasea
Study Yr Design Association Adjusted measure Mattila et al. (88) 1989 Case-control Total dental index and heart attack OR = 1.3 Mattila et al. (89) 1993 Case-control Total dental index and atheromatosis OR = 1.4 DeStefano et al. (28) 1993 Cohort PI, OHI, and admissions RR = 1.2 Death due to CHD RR = 1.7 Mattila et al. (90) 1995 Follow-up Total dental index and new events HR = 1.2 Beck et al. (5) 1996 Cohort PD, bone levels, and new CHD OR = 1.5 Fatal CHD OR = 1.9 Stroke OR = 2.8 Joshipura et al. (63) 1996 Cohort Tooth loss and CHD RR = 1.7 Genco et al.b 1997 Cohort Bone loss and new CHD OR = 2.7
