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Review

Avian Schistosomes and Outbreaks of Cercarial Dermatitis

Petr Horák, Libor Mikeš, Lucie Lichtenbergová, Vladimír Skála, Miroslava Soldánová, Sara Vanessa Brant
Petr Horák
aDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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  • ORCID record for Petr Horák
  • For correspondence: petrhorak@petrhorak.eu
Libor Mikeš
aDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Lucie Lichtenbergová
aDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Vladimír Skála
aDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Miroslava Soldánová
bInstitute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Sara Vanessa Brant
cMuseum Southwestern Biology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00043-14
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SUMMARY

Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch) is a condition caused by infective larvae (cercariae) of a species-rich group of mammalian and avian schistosomes. Over the last decade, it has been reported in areas that previously had few or no cases of dermatitis and is thus considered an emerging disease. It is obvious that avian schistosomes are responsible for the majority of reported dermatitis outbreaks around the world, and thus they are the primary focus of this review. Although they infect humans, they do not mature and usually die in the skin. Experimental infections of avian schistosomes in mice show that in previously exposed hosts, there is a strong skin immune reaction that kills the schistosome. However, penetration of larvae into naive mice can result in temporary migration from the skin. This is of particular interest because the worms are able to migrate to different organs, for example, the lungs in the case of visceral schistosomes and the central nervous system in the case of nasal schistosomes. The risk of such migration and accompanying disorders needs to be clarified for humans and animals of interest (e.g., dogs). Herein we compiled the most comprehensive review of the diversity, immunology, and epidemiology of avian schistosomes causing cercarial dermatitis.

  • Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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Avian Schistosomes and Outbreaks of Cercarial Dermatitis
Petr Horák, Libor Mikeš, Lucie Lichtenbergová, Vladimír Skála, Miroslava Soldánová, Sara Vanessa Brant
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2015, 28 (1) 165-190; DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00043-14

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Avian Schistosomes and Outbreaks of Cercarial Dermatitis
Petr Horák, Libor Mikeš, Lucie Lichtenbergová, Vladimír Skála, Miroslava Soldánová, Sara Vanessa Brant
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2015, 28 (1) 165-190; DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00043-14
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  • Top
  • Article
    • SUMMARY
    • INTRODUCTION
    • DIVERSITY OF SCHISTOSOMES CAUSING DERMATITIS
    • MOLLUSCAN AND AVIAN HOST SPECIFICITY
    • INTRAMOLLUSCAN DEVELOPMENT OF AVIAN SCHISTOSOMES
    • VERTEBRATE HOST FINDING AND PENETRATION
    • PATHOGENICITY OF AND IMMUNE REACTIONS AGAINST AVIAN SCHISTOSOMES
    • DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF AVIAN SCHISTOSOMES
    • CLINICAL FEATURES, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND PROPHYLAXIS OF HUMAN INFECTIONS
    • ECOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OCCURRENCE OF AVIAN SCHISTOSOMES AND CERCARIAL DERMATITIS
    • PERSPECTIVES
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • REFERENCES
    • Author Bios
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
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