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Review

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a Systemic Infection

Aleksandra Synowiec, Artur Szczepański, Emilia Barreto-Duran, Laurensius Kevin Lie, Krzysztof Pyrc
Aleksandra Synowiec
aVirogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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  • ORCID record for Aleksandra Synowiec
Artur Szczepański
aVirogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
bMicrobiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Emilia Barreto-Duran
aVirogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Laurensius Kevin Lie
aVirogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Krzysztof Pyrc
aVirogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00133-20
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    FIG 1

    Schematic structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virion.

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    FIG 2

    The entry of human coronaviruses into the host cell. Coronaviruses first interact with an adhesion molecule (e.g., heparan sulfate proteoglycans [HSPGs] for HCoV-NL63 [32], SARS-CoV [33], and [possibly] SARS-CoV-2 [409]; N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid [Neu5Ac] for HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43 [34]; or carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 [CEACAM5] for MERS-CoV [35]). Next, the virus interacts with the entry receptor (aminopeptidase N [APN] for HCoV-229E [36]; dipeptidyl peptidase 4 [DPP4] for MERS-CoV [37]; 9-O-acetylated sialic acid for HCoV-OC43 [39]; or angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [ACE2] for HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 [40]). Recently, neuropilin 1 (NRP1) was reported to enhance the SARS-COV-2 entry (41, 42). To enter the cell, the S protein requires proteolytic priming, which may occur on the cell surface (TMPRSS2, TMPRSS4, kallikrein 13) or after endosomal entry (cathepsin B [catB] and cathepsin L [catL]) (43–50, 410–414).

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    FIG 3

    Cell types and their localization within the human respiratory tract.

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    FIG 4

    Cell types and their localization in the human intestine.

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    FIG 5

    Cell types and their localization in the cardiovascular system.

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    FIG 6

    Organs affected by COVID-19. The solid and dotted lines indicate direct and indirect viral replication, respectively.

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  • TABLE 1

    Cell lines that support the replication of SARS-CoV-2

    TABLE 1
    • ↵a CPE, cytopathic effect. +, positive; −, negative; +/−, ambiguous result.

  • TABLE 2

    Ex vivo models used to study SARS-CoV-2 infection

    TABLE 2
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a Systemic Infection
Aleksandra Synowiec, Artur Szczepański, Emilia Barreto-Duran, Laurensius Kevin Lie, Krzysztof Pyrc
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2021, 34 (2) e00133-20; DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00133-20

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a Systemic Infection
Aleksandra Synowiec, Artur Szczepański, Emilia Barreto-Duran, Laurensius Kevin Lie, Krzysztof Pyrc
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2021, 34 (2) e00133-20; DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00133-20
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  • Top
  • Article
    • SUMMARY
    • INTRODUCTION
    • HOST FACTORS DETERMINING CELL TROPISM
    • THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
    • THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
    • THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
    • THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
    • THE KIDNEY
    • THE LIVER
    • THE PANCREAS
    • THE NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM
    • REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
    • CONCLUSIONS AND KEY TAKEAWAY MESSAGES
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • REFERENCES
    • Author Bios
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
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KEYWORDS

COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
coronavirus
disease
Infection
organoids
organs
systemic

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