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Clinical Microbiology Reviews
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Latest Articles

  • Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis
    Review
    Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Cerebral Toxoplasmosis

    Toxoplasma gondii is known to infect a considerable number of mammalian and avian species and a substantial proportion of the world’s human population. The parasite has an impressive ability to disseminate within the host’s body and employs various tactics to overcome the highly regulatory blood-brain barrier and reside in the brain. In healthy individuals,...

    Hany M. Elsheikha, Christina M. Marra, Xing-Quan Zhu
    25 Nov 2020
  • Human Herpesviruses 6A and 6B in Brain Diseases: Association versus Causation
    Review
    Human Herpesviruses 6A and 6B in Brain Diseases: Association versus Causation

    Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), collectively termed HHV-6A/B, are neurotropic viruses that permanently infect most humans from an early age. Although most people infected with these viruses appear to suffer no ill effects, the viruses are a well-established cause of encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. In this review, we summarize the evidence that the viruses may also be one trigger for febrile...

    Anthony L. Komaroff, Philip E. Pellett, Steven Jacobson
    11 Nov 2020
  • New β-Lactam–β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations
    Review
    New β-Lactam–β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations

    The limited armamentarium against drug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli has led to the development of several novel β-lactam–β-lactamase inhibitor combinations (BLBLIs). In this review, we summarize their spectrum of in vitro activities, mechanisms of resistance, and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) characteristics. A summary of available clinical data is provided per drug. Four approved BLBLIs are discussed in detail....

    Dafna Yahav, Christian G. Giske, Alise Grāmatniece, Henrietta Abodakpi, Vincent H. Tam, Leonard Leibovici
    11 Nov 2020
  • Free
    SARS-CoV-2 and Health Care Worker Protection in Low-Risk Settings: a Review of Modes of Transmission and a Novel Airborne Model Involving Inhalable Particles
    Review
    SARS-CoV-2 and Health Care Worker Protection in Low-Risk Settings: a Review of Modes of Transmission and a Novel Airborne Model Involving Inhalable Particles

    Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been intense debate over SARS-CoV-2’s mode of transmission and appropriate personal protective equipment for health care workers in low-risk settings. The objective of this review is to identify and appraise the available evidence (clinical trials and laboratory studies on masks and respirators, epidemiological studies, and air sampling studies), clarify key concepts and necessary...

    X. Sophie Zhang, Caroline Duchaine
    28 Oct 2020
  • State of the Art in the Culture of the Human Microbiota: New Interests and Strategies
    Review
    State of the Art in the Culture of the Human Microbiota: New Interests and Strategies

    The last 5 years have seen a turning point in the study of the gut microbiota with a rebirth of culture-dependent approaches to study the gut microbiota. High-throughput methods have been developed to study bacterial diversity with culture conditions aimed at mimicking the gut environment by using rich media such as YCFA (yeast extract, casein hydrolysate, fatty acids) and Gifu anaerobic medium in an anaerobic workstation, as well as...

    Maryam Tidjani Alou, Sabrina Naud, Saber Khelaifia, Marion Bonnet, Jean-Christophe Lagier, Didier Raoult
    28 Oct 2020
  • Progress and Challenges in the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Transplantation
    Review
    Progress and Challenges in the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Transplantation

    Hosts with compromised or naive immune systems, such as individuals living with HIV/AIDS, transplant recipients, and fetuses, are at the highest risk for complications from cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Despite substantial progress in prevention, diagnostics, and treatment, CMV continues to negatively impact both solid-organ transplant (SOT) and hematologic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. In this article, we summarize important...

    Ajit P. Limaye, Tara M. Babu, Michael Boeckh
    28 Oct 2020
  • Free
    Remdesivir against COVID-19 and Other Viral Diseases
    Review
    Remdesivir against COVID-19 and Other Viral Diseases

    Patients and physicians worldwide are facing tremendous health care hazards that are caused by the ongoing severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Remdesivir (GS-5734) is the first approved treatment for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is a novel nucleoside analog with a broad antiviral activity spectrum among RNA viruses, including ebolavirus (EBOV) and the respiratory pathogens...

    Jakob J. Malin, Isabelle Suárez, Vanessa Priesner, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Jan Rybniker
    14 Oct 2020
  • Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Tolerance in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span>
    Review
    Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

    Successful treatment of tuberculosis (TB) can be hampered by Mycobacterium tuberculosis populations that are temporarily able to survive antibiotic pressure in the absence of drug resistance-conferring mutations, a phenomenon termed drug tolerance. We summarize findings on M. tuberculosis tolerance...

    Sander N. Goossens, Samantha L. Sampson, Annelies Van Rie
    14 Oct 2020
  • Free
    Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
    Review
    Immunopathogenesis of Coronavirus-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Potential Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

    The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, introduced the third highly pathogenic coronavirus into humans in the 21st century. Scientific advance after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) epidemic and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emergence enabled clinicians to understand the epidemiology and pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we...

    Chao Quan, Caiyan Li, Han Ma, Yisha Li, Huali Zhang
    14 Oct 2020
  • Performance and Application of 16S rRNA Gene Cycle Sequencing for Routine Identification of Bacteria in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
    Review
    Performance and Application of 16S rRNA Gene Cycle Sequencing for Routine Identification of Bacteria in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory

    This review provides a state-of-the-art description of the performance of Sanger cycle sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene for routine identification of bacteria in the clinical microbiology laboratory. A detailed description of the technology and current methodology is outlined with a major focus on proper data analyses and interpretation of sequences. The remainder of the article is focused on a comprehensive evaluation of the application...

    Deirdre L. Church, Lorenzo Cerutti, Antoine Gürtler, Thomas Griener, Adrian Zelazny, Stefan Emler
    9 Sep 2020

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Clinical Microbiology Reviews ® (CMR) analyzes the latest developments in clinical microbiology and immunology, providing the current state of knowledge in the field, as well as balanced, thought-provoking perspectives on controversial issues.

Cumitechs & Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology.

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