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Clinical Microbiology Reviews
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Latest Articles

  • Host-Directed Antiviral Therapy
    Review
    Host-Directed Antiviral Therapy

    Antiviral drugs have traditionally been developed by directly targeting essential viral components. However, this strategy often fails due to the rapid generation of drug-resistant viruses. Recent genome-wide approaches, such as those employing small interfering RNA (siRNA) or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) or those using small molecule chemical inhibitors targeting the cellular “kinome,” have been...

    Naveen Kumar, Shalini Sharma, Ram Kumar, Bhupendra N. Tripathi, Sanjay Barua, Hinh Ly, Barry T. Rouse
    13 May 2020
  • Intrathecal Antibacterial and Antifungal Therapies
    Review
    Intrathecal Antibacterial and Antifungal Therapies

    Intrathecal administration of anti-infectives is indicated in central nervous system infections by multiresistant pathogens when drugs that can reach adequate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations by systemic therapy are not available. Antibiotics that readily pass the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers and/or that have low toxicity allowing an increase in the daily dosage should not be used for intrathecal therapy. Intrathecal...

    Roland Nau, Claudia Blei, Helmut Eiffert
    29 Apr 2020
  • Antifungal Susceptibility Testing: Current Approaches
    Review
    Antifungal Susceptibility Testing: Current Approaches

    Although not as ubiquitous as antibacterial susceptibility testing, antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) is a tool of increasing importance in clinical microbiology laboratories. The goal of AFST is to reliably produce MIC values that may be used to guide patient therapy, inform epidemiological studies, and track rates of antifungal drug resistance. There are three methods that have been standardized by standards development...

    Elizabeth L. Berkow, Shawn R. Lockhart, Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner
    29 Apr 2020
  • <em>Burkholderia cepacia</em> Complex Bacteria: a Feared Contamination Risk in Water-Based Pharmaceutical Products
    Review
    Burkholderia cepacia Complex Bacteria: a Feared Contamination Risk in Water-Based Pharmaceutical Products

    Burkholderia cepacia (formerly Pseudomonas cepacia) was once thought to be a single bacterial species but has expanded to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), comprising 24 closely related opportunistic pathogenic species....

    Mariana Tavares, Mariya Kozak, Alexandra Balola, Isabel Sá-Correia
    15 Apr 2020
  • Caseum: a Niche for <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span> Drug-Tolerant Persisters
    Review
    Caseum: a Niche for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Drug-Tolerant Persisters

    Caseum, the central necrotic material of tuberculous lesions, is a reservoir of drug-recalcitrant persisting mycobacteria. Caseum is found in closed nodules and in open cavities connecting with an airway. Several commonly accepted characteristics of caseum were established during the preantibiotic era, when autopsies of deceased tuberculosis (TB) patients were common but methodologies were limited. These pioneering studies generated...

    Jansy P. Sarathy, Véronique Dartois
    1 Apr 2020
  • Imported Malaria in Countries where Malaria Is Not Endemic: a Comparison of Semi-immune and Nonimmune Travelers
    Review
    Imported Malaria in Countries where Malaria Is Not Endemic: a Comparison of Semi-immune and Nonimmune Travelers

    The continuous increase in long-distance travel and recent large migratory movements have changed the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in countries where malaria is not endemic (here termed non-malaria-endemic countries). While malaria was primarily imported to nonendemic countries by returning travelers, the proportion of immigrants from malaria-endemic regions and travelers visiting friends and relatives (VFRs) in...

    Johannes Mischlinger, Caroline Rönnberg, Míriam J. Álvarez-Martínez, Silja Bühler, Małgorzata Paul, Patricia Schlagenhauf, Eskild Petersen, Michael Ramharter
    11 Mar 2020
  • Human Melioidosis
    Review
    Human Melioidosis

    The causative agent of melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, a tier 1 select agent, is endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia, with increased incidence associated with high levels of rainfall. Increasing reports of this condition have occurred worldwide, with estimates of up to 165,000 cases and 89,000 deaths per year. The ecological niche of the organism...

    I. Gassiep, M. Armstrong, R. Norton
    11 Mar 2020
  • Mumps: an Update on Outbreaks, Vaccine Efficacy, and Genomic Diversity
    Review
    Mumps: an Update on Outbreaks, Vaccine Efficacy, and Genomic Diversity

    Mumps is an acute viral infection characterized by inflammation of the parotid and other salivary glands. Persons with mumps are infectious from 2 days before through 5 days after parotitis onset, and transmission is through respiratory droplets. Despite the success of mumps vaccination programs in the United States and parts of Europe, a recent increase in outbreaks of mumps virus infections among fully vaccinated populations has been...

    Eugene Lam, Jennifer B. Rosen, Jane R. Zucker
    26 Feb 2020
  • Consolidation of Clinical Microbiology Laboratories and Introduction of Transformative Technologies
    Review
    Consolidation of Clinical Microbiology Laboratories and Introduction of Transformative Technologies

    Clinical microbiology is experiencing revolutionary advances in the deployment of molecular, genome sequencing-based, and mass spectrometry-driven detection, identification, and characterization assays. Laboratory automation and the linkage of information systems for big(ger) data management, including artificial intelligence (AI) approaches, also are being introduced. The initial optimism associated with these developments has now...

    Olivier Vandenberg, Géraldine Durand, Marie Hallin, Andreas Diefenbach, Vanya Gant, Patrick Murray, Zisis Kozlakidis, Alex van Belkum
    26 Feb 2020
  • Epidemiology of β-Lactamase-Producing Pathogens
    Review
    Epidemiology of β-Lactamase-Producing Pathogens

    β-Lactam antibiotics have been widely used as therapeutic agents for the past 70 years, resulting in emergence of an abundance of β-lactam-inactivating β-lactamases. Although penicillinases in Staphylococcus aureus challenged the initial uses of penicillin, β-lactamases are most important in Gram-negative bacteria, particularly in enteric and nonfermentative pathogens...

    Karen Bush, Patricia A. Bradford
    26 Feb 2020

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Clinical Microbiology Reviews ® (CMR) analyzes the latest developments in clinical microbiology and immunology, providing the current state of knowledge in the field, as well as balanced, thought-provoking perspectives on controversial issues.

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